L"B '576 



Outline 



OF 



Work in Grammar. 



AMELIA MOREY, 

STATE NORMAL AND TRAINING SCHOOL, 
POTSDAM, N. Y. 



POTSDAM, N. Y.: 
COURIER AND FREEMAN PRINT. 

1890. 



Outline 



OF 



Work in Grammar. 



STATE NORMAL AND TRAINING SCHOOL, 



AMELIA MOREY, 



POTSDAM, N. Y. 




POTSDAM, N. Y.: 

COURIER AND FREEMAN PRINT. 

1890. 






Copyright 1 S90, 
By AMELIA MOREY. 



SYLLABUS OF GRAMMAR. 



Seventh Year. First Term in Grammar. [C 3 Int.] 

I. Sentence. [Simple.] 

1. Definition. 

2. Classes. [According to use.] 

(1) Declarative or statement, (a) Definition, (b) How written. 

(2) Interrogative or question, (a) Definition, (b) How written. 

(3) Imperative or command. (a) Definition. (/>) How written. 

(4) Exclamatory or exclamation. 

3. Parts of Sentence. (1) Subject. (2) Predicate. 

II. Noun. 

1. Definition. 

2. Uses of the noun. (1) Subject of the sentence; (2) as a part of the pre- 
dicate meaning the same as the subject; (3) as the name of a particular 
person, time or place; [when so used it must begin with a capital let- 
ter.] (4) to denote possession; (5) to distinguish or explain; (6) as the 
name of the person addressed; (7) as the object of a verb; (8) object of 
a verbal word; (9) object of a preposition. 

III. Adjective. 

1. Definition. 

2. Uses. (1) to express quality; (2) action; (3) number; (4) to show what 
is stated; (5) to express the name of a particular person or place; [when 
so used it should begin with a capital letter.] (6) simply to limit the ap- 
plication of nouns. 



Seventh Year. Second Term in Grammar. [C 1 Int.] 

IV. Verb. 

1. Definition. 

2. Uses. (1) Some verbs express what is asserted; (2) others simply assert 



V. Verbal Word. 

1. Definition. 

2. Uses. (1) As the subject of a sentence; (2) in the predicate to show what 
is stated; (3) to modify the application of a noun. 

VI. Adverb. 

1. Definition. 

2. Uses. (1) to show how, (2) why, (3) when, (4) where an action is per- 
formed. 

VII. Preposition and its Object. 

1. Definition of each. 

2. Uses. (1) to show how, (2) why, (3) when, (4) where an action is per- 
formed; (5) to limit the application of a noun; (6) to limit the applica- 
tion of a verb. 

VIII. Conjunction. Definition. 

IX. Interjection. 

1. Definition. 

2. How written. 



Seventh Year. First and Second Term in Grammar. 
[C 2 and C 1 Int.] 

I. Uses of Capital Letters. 

A capital letter should be used in beginning — 

1. Every sentence. 

2. The names of particular persons, times and places. 

3. Titles of office, honor and respect. 

4. The names of the Supreme Being [and pronouns representing them.] 

5. Every direct quotation. 

6. The principal words in the titles of books and stories. 

7. Abbreviations of names and titles. 

8. The names of objects and animals personified. 

9. The first word of every line of poetry. 

10. The words I and O should always be capitals. 

11. Adjectives which are or are derived from the names of particular 

persons, times or places. 

II. Uses of Punctuation Marks. 

1. Period. A period should be placed — 

(1) After every declarative and imperative sentence. 

(2) After every abbreviation. 



5 

2. Interrogation Point. An interrogation point should be placed 
after every interrogative sentence. 

3. Exclamation Point. An exclamation should be placed — 

(1) After every exclamatory sentence. 

(2) After a word expressing strong emotion. 

4. Comma. 

(1) The name of the person addressed should be separated from the rest 

of the sentence by a comma or commas. 

(2) When three or more words are used in the same waj r , all except the 

last two should be separated by a comma. 

(3) When two words meaning the same thing have "or" between them 

they should be separated by a comma. 

Ex. I gave half a dollar, or fifty cents. 

(4) A comma should be placed between each part of a divided quota- 

tion and the dividing words. 

5. Quotation Marks. 

(1) A direct quotation should be inclosed in quotation marks. 

(2) Each part of a divided quotation should be inclosed in quotation 

marks. 

6. Apostrophe. 

(1) Nouns denoting possession ending in 8 or the sound of s add the 

apostrophe only. 

(2) Nouns denoting possession which do not end in a or the sound of s, 

add the apostrophe and s. 

(3) The apostrophe is used to show that a letter or letters are purposely 

left out of a word. 

(4) Letters, figures and signs are made plural by adding the apostrophe 

and s. 

7. Hyphen. 

(1) The parts of a compound word are separated by a hyphen. 

(2) When a word is divided at the end of a line, a hyphen is used and 

the remaining syllable or syllables are placed on a line below. 



Seventh Year. First Term in Grammar. [C 1 Int.] 

Sentences— Kinds. 

1. The teacher broke the crayon. 2. The merry children sing. 3. The 
great river flows noiselessly. 4. Is the gentleman a stranger ? 5. The black 
horse drew the new carriage. 6. Are you pleased with the book ? 7. Children, 
obey your parents. 8. Children, you obey your parents, 9. You 



6 

obey your parents, children. 10. Speak plainly, John. 11. Run 
to your father, child. 12. Give us this day our daily bread. 

13. How odd they look! 14. The white turkey was dead! 15. Sit quietly in 
your seats, children. 16. How slow you are! 17. The horse is a noble animal. 
18. Every day brings its labor. 19. How they shouted ! 

Kinds of Sentences.— Subject, Predicate. 

1. .The boat, , carried manv passengers. , 2. Mary's hat and Anna's gloves 
I 
are in the hall. 3. Captain, it is impossible. 4. The oak shall send his roots 

abroad. 5. Comrades, will you leave me? 6. Down in a green and shady bed, 
a modest violet grew. 7. Hark! how the music leaps out from his throat. 
8. He shall not do it. 9. Ye shall surely die. 10 Are you ill? 11. May I be 
excused? 12. Sweet little violets, hide from the cold. 13. Put on your man- 
tles of purple and gold. 14. May I go to the window? 13. Go, if necessary. 
10. Will you excuse me? 17. I will. 18. Mother dear, what are the waters 
saying? 19. May I leave the room? 20. You may. 21. Do as you are told, 
John. 22. O King, live forever. 23. What a glorious plan! 24. Will you 
walk into my parlor? 25. Be just and fear not. 

Subjects, Predicates, Nouns. — Uses. Capitals. Punctuation. 

1. , Henry Jones j , lost his hat. , 2. ,The church, • is made of stone. , 

I 2 I 2 

3. The book is on the table. 4. The singing confuses me, 5. The height of 
the spire is eighty-rive feet. 6. Dogs are useful animals. 7. The color of the 
ribbon is blue. 8. The sweetness of the apple is pleasant 9. Jennie, close the 
door. 10. Annie's hat is on the desk. 11. Close the door, boys. 12. John saw 
the driver's whip in the carriage. 13. Stealing is taking without permission. 

14. Honesty is the best policy. 15. Skating is pleasant exercise. 16. Is the hat 
lost, Mary? 17. Mr. Smith lives in Potsdam. 18 The first Wednesday in 
September was the first day of school. 19. Christmas and Thanksgiviug are 
always holidays- 20. My brother Harry goes to school 21. The river Xile is 
muddy. 22. My friend Mary sent me the flowers. 23. They have two friends, 
Harry and James. 24. School closes on the Fourth of July. 25. It was the 
night before Christmas. 26. Down the chimney St. Nicholas came with a 
bound. 27. Sunday is the first day of the week. 28. Mary and Martha are 
twins. 29. Why are you so happy, O Birdie? 30. A noisy bird am I. 31. The 
Lord is my Shepherd. 32. O, so you say. 33. The child said, " Little girl, 
why are you so happy?" 34. The old hen answered, " Listen to me.'' 

Nouns. Abbreviations. Capitals. Punctuation. 

1. I met Mr. and Mrs. Brown. 2. Dr. Smith lives on Main St. 3. I was 
absent on Monday, A. M. and P. M. 4. I live in St. Lawrence County, N. Y. 
5. We may go to N. Y. City by the R. W. and O. R R. 6. Prof. Thomas 
teaches in Canada. 7. N. B.— No admittance except on business 8. Up to the 
window the coursers flew, with a sleigh full of toys and St. Nicholas too. 9. 
The package from New York was marked C. O. D. 



10. i Down in a green and shady bed , 

2 

■ A modest violet, , .grew; , 
i 2 

Its stalk was bent, it hung its head; 

It wished to hide from view. 

11. O, velvet bee, you're a dusty fellow! You've powdered your legs with gold. 

12. We shuddered there in silence, 
The stoutest held his breath; 
The hungry waves were roaring, 
The breakers talked with Death. 

13. 4 qts. make 1 gal. 14. I have a Webster's dictionary and a Guyot's geog- 
raphy. 15. I am willing to do my best, ma'am. 16. I can't buy Faber's Xo. 
3 at Smith's. 17. Call, Harry, on Saturday. 18. Please excuse Henr3 T 's absence 
on Tuesday A. M., June 26, '88. 19. " Yes, mother," said Mary, " I will go." 
20. The fox said to the crow, " How beautiful you are " 21. The wolf said to 
the lamb, " Why do you muddy the -stream - ?" 22. The sun, moon and stars 
send forth light. 24. John went to market to get some apples, peaches, pears 
and plums. 25. Mary, Anna, Jennie and and Susan attend the same school. 
26. I bought the book for my brothers, Henry, James, Charles and John. 27. 
Do you take the " Youth's Companion?" 28. I had " Harper's Young People" 
for a birth-day present. 29. I have been using "Sheldon's Fourth Reader." 
30. The Rev. A. M. Smith preached in the stone church. 31. Gen. Jones went 
to Albany on Monday. 32. The Hon. Henry Willard is at home for a few days. 
33. Prof. Smith gave his class a long lesson. 34. Mr. and Mrs. Jones send 
compliments to the Rev. Dr. Snow, and request the pleasure of his company 
Friday evening. 35. Dr. Brown gives very disagreeable medicine. 36. 
" Mother," said Mary, " I'll never say I can't again." 37. Isn't this right? 
38. " Don't talk to me," said Mary. 39. Alas! my friend is dead. 40. Vacation 
is here, hurrah!. 41. Have you ever read, " Rollo in Europe "? 42. John said 
that he would go. 43. John said, " I will go." 44. The fox said that the crow 
is a beautiful bird. 45. The fox said, " "Mistress Crow, you are a beautiful 
bird." 

Adjectives— Uses. 

1. Apple. 2. Red apple. 3. Large red apple. 4. All the large red apples. 
5. A long, sharp pencil is on the desk. 6. Three high windows let in the sun- 
light. 7. Six eggs are in the nest 8. I hear the chattering sparrows. 9. The 
black horse drew the shining carriage. 10. The American people are indus- 
trious. 11. Potsdam sandstone is red. 11. Few leaves are on the trees. 13. 
Every leaf flutters in the wind. 14. Many leaves have bright colors. 15. All 
leaves are parts of plants. 16. I went to the Canton Fair. 17. Eat Boston 
brown bread. 18. The boy is intelligent, honest and industrious. 19. Down 
in a green and shady bed, a modest violet grew. 20. The scholar's diligence is 
praiseworthy. 21. The smell of hay is fragrant. 22. Fifty large cows crossed 



8 

the new bridge. 23. Ripe fruit is wholesome. 24. New Orleans molasses is 
sold in the New York market. 25. This boy gave me the apple. 26. The 
swaying branch was broken by the wind. 27. Hear the music of the babbling 
brook. 28. Tne flying clouds are driven by the wind. 29. Did you see the 
laughing child? 30. The whispering breeze told me a strange story. 31. Sea 
Island cotton is very white. 32. Virginia tobacco brings a good price. 33. They 
had New England baked beans for supper. 34. I prefer Rio coffee. 

1. A bountiful Thanksgiving dinner was provided for the children. 2. We 
listened to the usual Fourth of July oration. 3. They had a vision of Christmas 
games, and Christmas turkey. 4. After repeating a prayer and singing a hymn 
they went to bed. 



Seventh Year. Second Term in Grammar. [C 2 .] 
Verbs. — Uses. 

1. The boy runs. 2. The boy is running. 3. The child sings. 4. The child 
is singing. 5. The sky is blue. 6. The song is sweet. 7. The clouds are dark. 
8. The wind blows. 9. The child loves to study. 10. The boys go to school. 

11. The girls are studious. 12. The swaying branch is moved by the wind, 
13. I heard the chattering sparrows, 14. The child is bringing the book. 
15. Jumping is fine sport. 

Subjects, Predicates, Verbal Words. — Uses. 

1. That man once lived in our town. 2. There was a man in our town. 3. 
To study is my delight. 4. Studying is hard work. 5. The twining vine is by 
the window. 6. The child needs to sleep. 7. To sleep is to rest. 8. To live 
pleasantly with all is our duty. 9. The tree bending with fruit fell to the 
ground. 10. Are the cherries ripe? 11. The glittering stars shone in the sky. 

12. Is she writing a letter, Mary? 13. The bird is an English robin. 14. Are 
you going home? 15. The children love to play ball. 16. I have paper to use. 
17. Water to drink was given to him. 

Subjects, Predicates. Adverbs— Uses. 

1. The child sings sweetl}\ 2. The child is singing sweetly. 3. The apples 
are very sour. 4. The clouds move very slowly. 5. The army marched slowly 
southward. 6. The arrow fell yonder. 7. The storm is raging fearfully. 
8. He spoke twice clearly and distinctly. 9. The cup is quite full. 10. The 
smoke rose slowly upward. 11. Why did you come so soon? 12. The letter was 
received yesterday. 13. When did you learn your lesson? 14. He stood too 
near the window. 15. The bird flew nearly northward. 16. Come here. 
17. The paper is published daily, [weekly, semi-weekly, bi-monthly, quarterly, 
annually.] 18. The cup is quite [even, very, too, almost, nearly, scarcely, 
running-over, level] full. 



9 

Prepositions. 
1. The book on the table is large. 2. The book under the table is small. 
3. The chair by the window is broken. 4. The boy goes to school. 5. I love 
to study. 6. He went by the house and down the street. 7. I met Henry going 
to school and John coming from school. 8. The bird flew over the table, 
through the window and into the garden. 

Subjects, Predicates. Uses of Prepositions and their Objects. 

1. Presently, little Ben [with great glee,] hid his cap [in the hay- loft]. 
I 2 ~ — 3 

2. Robert went out early [in the morning] [with a light step] [into the garden]. 

I 2 

3. He reads regularly after breakfast, ten pages of Cicero. 4. At noon on 
account of the heat of the sun, the cattle seek the shade. 5. One boy threw 
himself into a violent heat, yesterday, by jumping in the garden. 6. At the 
dawn of day, she ascended ihe hill with a merry heart in company with her 
brother. 7. The fine old oak tree was struck by lightning at twelve o'clock on 
Tuesday night. 8. Jacob, the gardener, ploughed the field. 9 They crossed 
the river Delaware. 10. Alexander, the coppersmith, did great harm. 
11. Yesterday, our new horse Charley, ran furiously across the bridge. 12. The 
church bell in the tower gives forth a musical sound on Sunday mornings. 
13. A merry heart maketh a glad countenance. 14. An enterprising farmer in 
Delaware. Thomas Ridgway, by skillful grafting has lately produced most 
delicious peaches of a new variety. 15. The small boy chose the big apple. 
16. On Friday afternoon of last week, little Emma played gaily with her new 
doll in the back parlor with the rest of her companions. 17. At midnight in 
his guarded tent, the Turk lav dreaming. 18. A pretty little blue-eyed boy, 
with rosy cheeks, came to his mother, bringing a young, white, lop-eared rabbit 
in his pocket. 19. The frightened horse dragged the new carriage furiously 
down the street. 20. The old man on the hill, Jacob Thompson, in the course 
of time, acquired prodigious strength of muscle, by chopping wood. 

Subjects, Predicates, Conjunctions. 
1. The cat catches mice aDd she eats them too. 

~1 2 ii ~ l - 2 3 

2. John and Mary go to school. 3. I study arithmetic, grammar and geogra- 
phy. 4. The ink is thick and I cannot write. 5. The peacock has a beautiful 
plumage, but its voice is harsh and unmusical. 6. We must be diligent or we 
shall make little progress. 7. Day is the time for study and night is time for 
rest. 8. The children may play in the garden if they will not injure the plants. 
9. You should love your brothers and sisters. 10. Pennsylvania abounds in 
coal and iron. 11. Children should be merry sometimes but they should never 
be rude. 

Subjects, Predicates, Interjections. 
1. Oh, , the merry May, ,has pleasant hours!, 

2, Ah! could I hide me in my song. 3. Christmas has come, hurrah! 4. O, 



io 

terribly proud was Miss McBride. 5. My bird is dead, alas! 6. I bave burnt 
my finger, oh, bow it hurts! 7. Oh! is that you? 

Review of Sentences and all the Parts of Speech. 

I. Children, _ listen [to this story.] 2. Far away [in a warm country,] 

1 " 2 

I lives j a little brown , baby. , 3. She has a brown face, little brown 

2 1 

hands and fingers, brown body, arms and legs. 4. Even her little toes are 
brown. 5. Her hair is straight and black, hanging softly down on each side 
of her little brown face. 6. It is not like Belle's golden curls or Mary's sunny 
brown hair. 7. Would you like to know how she lives among the birds and 
flowers? 

8. She tolls in the long soft grass, where the gold-colored snakes are at play. 
9. She watches the young monkeys chattering and swinging among the trees, 
hanging by their tails. 10. She chases the splendid green parrots Hying among 
the trees; and she drinks the sweet milk of the cocoanut from a round cup 
made of its shell. 

II. Night comes and the mother takes her brown baby and tosses her up into 
the little swinging bed among the trees. 12. This her father made for her 
from the twisting vine climbing among the branches. 13. The wind blows 
and rocks the little bed; and the mother sits at the foot of the tree singing a 
mild sweet song, and this brown baby falls asleep. 14. Then the stars come 
out and peep through the leaves at her. 15. The birds too are all asleep in the 
trees. 16. Even the chattering monkey has curled himself up for the night. 

17. Soon the large round moon comes up. 18. She, too, must look into the 
swinging bed and shine upon the closed eyes of the little brown baity. 19. She 
is very gentle and sends her soft light among the branches and thick green 
leaves, kissing tenderly the small brown feet. 20. All this time the wind blows 
and rocks the little bed, singing also a low song through the trees. 21. The 
brown mother has fallen asleep herself, and left the night wind to take care of 
her baby. 

22. So the night passes and the rosy dawn breaks over the earth. 23. The 
birds lift up their heads and sing. 24. The great round sun springs up and 
shining into the trees, lifts the shut lids of the brown baby's eyes. 25. She 
roils over and falls into her mother's arms. 26. Then she is dipped into a 
pretty running brook for a bath and rolled in the grass to dry. 27. After this 
she may play among the birds and flowers all day long. 



Eighth Year. Third Term in Grammar. [B 3 Int.] 
I. Personal Pronouns. 
Introductory conversation. 

a. Sentences; (I) Spoken; speaker, hearer, something to speak about. 
(2) Written, writer, reader, something to write about. 



11 

b. Parties: There are three parties in connection with every sentence. 

c. When these parties are represented. 

d. Why they are represented differently. 

e. The relation between the first and third party is person, 

1. Definition. 

a. Words which represent the parties and take the place of nouns are 

pronouns. 

b. Pronouns that show person, are personal pronouns. 

2. Uses of personal pronouns as compared with nouns. 

II. Nouns. 

1. Definition,— review; see first term's work. 

2. Uses, — review; see first term's work. 

3. Classes of Nouns: (1) common or class-nouns, (2) proper, (3) verbal, 
(4) abstract nouns, (5) collective nouns. 

4. Properties and Relations of Nouns and Personal Pronouns. 

(1) Person as applied to personal pronouns and nouns. 

a. Definition. 

b. Kinds with definition of each. 
Note . — Antecedent . 

e. Agreement with antecedent. 
d. Inflections, or how person is shown. 
Note.— Construct an outline of both noun and personal pronoun to this 
point. Then add to each outline till each is complete. 

(2) Number as applied to both nouns and personal pronouns. 

a. Definition. 

b. Kinds, with definition of each. 

c. Agreement with antecedent in number. 

d. Inflections, or how number is shown. For nouns only the general 
rule, adding s or es, is given. 

(3) Gender as applied to both nouns and personal pronouns. 

a. Definition. 

b. Kinds, with definition of each. 

c. Agreement with antecedent. 

d. Inflections, or how gender is shown. For nouns three rules: 
(1) adding ess, (2) change of word, (3) distinguishing word. 

(4) Case as applied to nouns and personal pronouns. 

a. Definition. 

b. Kinds, with definition of each. 

c. Agreement. (?) 

d. Inflections or how case is shown. Personal pronouns show case by 
their form. Only the possessive of nouns is inflected to show case, 
(1) adding the apostrophe ands ('s); (2) adding the apostrophe (') only; 
(3) a pair or series of nouns implying common possession; (4) a pair 



12 

or series of nouns not implying common possession; (5) compound and 
complex terms; (6) nouns the same in both numbers. See grammar. 

5. Rules for Nouns and Personal Pronouns. 

(1) Agreement of personal pronouns with their antecedents. 

I. Personal pronouns must agree with their antecedents mperson, number 
and gender. 

(2) Case: a, Nominative, b, Possessive, c, Objective, d, "same case;" 

e, independent of case or absolute case. 

6. Declension of nouns; declension also of the simple and compound 
personal pronouns. 

Additional rules for the formation of plurals. 

1. Plurals of letters, figures and signs. See grammar. 

2. Nouns ending in y after a consonant. 

3. Nouns endiDg in o or y after a vowel. 

4. Nouns ending in / or fe. 

5. Change of word. 

6. Compound words, — 1, 2, 3. 

7. Titles, — Miss, Mr., or Dr. 

8. Titles, — Mrs. or when the words one, two or three are used. 

9. Foreign words. 

10. Words used in the singular only. 

11. Words used only in the plural. 

12. Words alike in both numbers. 

Rules: agreement of personal pronoun with antecedent. 

1. Two or more antecedents, not emphatically distinguished, con- 
nected by and require plural pronouD. 

2. Two or more singular antecedents connected by or, nor or 
and not require a singular pronoun. 

3. Collective nouns require a singular pronoun if the idea of_unity, 
or a plural pronoun if the idea of plurality is conveyed. 

4. Singular pronouns should represent the antecedents each, every, 
either and one or antecedents modified by each, either, neither, every or many a. 

Personal Pronouns: definition, uses. 

1. I am reciting - . 2. I am writing. 3. John saw me take my book. 
4. You are the teacher. 5. You may spell this word. 6. The pencil is yours. 

7. He has the book. 8. John lost his book. 9. John told him. 10. Mary has 
her book. 11. She is tall. 12. The pencil writes well because it is short. 

1. May I call your attention to my story? 2. You see, Squire, this man has 
done me a great wrong. 3. He has taken away his team. 

1. I had the use of them for their keeping. 2. He has given tne care of 
them to another man. 3. My brother and I came together. 4. He came with 



IS 

me and I came with him. 5. We have been to visit our parents. 6. I have 
paid for my books, so they are mine. 7. When our hatred is violent it sinks 
us beneath the level of the brutes. 

1. He is my brother. 2. I saw him. 3. This is he. 4. The knife was given 
to him. 5. His horse was stolen. 6. This is the coachman, he who drives 
the horses. 7. He shouting lustily, they all ran to the shore. 
Old Style, used in the Bible, in prayer and poetry. 

1. Thou art the man. 2. I will remember thee. 
Be thou O God exalted high, 
And as thy glory fills the sky, 
So let it be on earth displayed 
'Till thou art here as there obeyed. 
/ Nouns. 

Definitions and Uses. See examples for first term's work. 

Classes of nouns. 

1. Henry has written about Amsterdam. 2. We came within sight of Nor- 
way. 3. The boy saw no danger. 4. Walking for pleasure is a delight in 
cold weather. 5. The boat was urged forward by the oars. 6. The party in 
the boat laughed at the fears of their friends. 7. Prof. Howard heard Mr. 
Spurgeon, the celebrated preacher. 8. The name of the poem is The Chil- 
dren's Hour. 9. I will tell you about the beauty of the hedges, the greenness 
of the pastures, and the richness of the fields and gardens of Old England. 
10. Hunting and fishing are the sportsman's favorite amusements. 11. Cowards! 
do ye fear him? 12. Slaves, traitors! have ye flown? 13. The Mite Society 
meet on Monday. 14. The school was divided. 15. The herd ran swiftly 
across the plain. 16. The society elected its officers for two years. 17. The 
board meet once a week. 18. Now is the accepted time. 19. John, repeat 
slowly the saying of the wise man. 20. Finish the reading of the letter, 
Henry, and give it to me. 21. "The Charge of the Light Brigade" was read 
with great spirit. 22. Captain Nolan carried the dispatches to the squadron. 
23. They wondered at the height and blueness of the sky; they wondered at 
the goodness and power of God. 

1. I the Psalmist, communed with mine own heart. 2. Thou shalt guide 
me with thy counsel and I will obey thee. 3. Ye, yourselves, shall see your 
own cities laid waste. 4. My books and thy books are in this desk, his and hers 
are in this desk, and theirs are on the table. 5. If this hat be thine, then that 
is mine. 

6. Thou has called me thine angel in moments of bliss, 
Still thine angel I'll be 'mid the sorrows of this. 

Uses. 1. I know this man and I respect him. 2. My work hurries me. 
3. Do you remember her? 4. This is he. 5. It is I. 6. I am he. 7. Wait 
for me. 8. We will write to them. 9. His money was in the bank. 10. My 
books are at his service. 11. Thomas, he who used to be a porter, is now 
head-clerk. 12. My friend, he who helped me often, now abandoned me. 



14 

13. Ah, me! 14. They having deserted us, we were obliged to return. 
15. They asked us to visit them. 16. Do you expect me to help you? 17. I 
have hurt myself. 18. He deceived himself. 

Compound Personal Pronouns. 

1. 1, myself, am here, as we ourselves can testify. 2. Did you say that you 
yourself have known the plaintiff, himself, and the defendants, themselves, 
for years? 3. My son, claimest thou justice for thyself? 4. Be sure that thou 
doest that justly which others claim for themselves. 5. Your son has his port- 
folio with him and quite delights himself bv his own skill. 

Object personified. 

1. The sun is up. How brightly he shines. 2. The full orbed moon gives 
her silvery light. 3. The Wind in his wrath is blowing a hurricane. 4. Old 
Winter is goine: with his wig of snow which sets but loosely upon him. 
1. Dear little child, how pretty it looks! 2. A fly! It is a very little one. 

"It." 
1. Susan found my book and gave it to me. 2. The sky is for all. 3. Bright 
as it is, it is not too bright nor good for human nature's daily food. It is fitted 
for exalting the heart, for soothing it and purifying it from its dross and dust. 

"It" sometimes represents — 
[1] Matters or affairs. 

1. It will come before a justice. 2. Fight it out, sirs. 
[2] Times or seasons. 

1. It is almost Christmas. 2. It is too long to wait. 3. It was then that 
I heard the story. 
[3] Some unknown cause. 

1. It rains, snows, thunders. 
[4] The real subject, which follows the pronoun as an explanatory element. 

1. I do not think it is correct to multiply byfid . 

2. It is natural for man to indulge in the illusions of hope. 

[5] As a subject, it may represent a predicate substantive of any person, num- 
ber or gender. 

1. It was he that broke the window. 2. It was you they called. 3. It 

was I who first told the story. 
1. It is very hot. 2. It is strange that he should go. 3. It is sweet to 
hear the honest watch-dog's bark. 4. It is not intended that man 
should live always. 5. Has it come to this? 6. It was your 
friend whom I saw. 7. It is better to say nothing. 8. It was the 
children who ate the fruit. 9. It was the young men who dug the 
ditch. 10. It is I, be not afraid. 
Possessives. 1. Mine eyes have seen the glory. 2. Thine arm is strong to 
save. 3. His work is finished; mine is only begun. 4. The book is mine. 
5. He is a friend of mine. 6. That ugly face of his frightened the child. 
7. This news of John's is very strange. 



We, George the Third, King of Great Britain, do hereby enjoin upon our 
subjects the necessity of being truly loyal. 
Apply rules for " agreement." 

1. Every man should think that he is responsible for his own actions. 
2. They gave to each woman as much food as her family needed. 3. Grant to 
every person that he may be in the spirit. 4. No one can tell what may befall 
him. 5. Every one must judge of his own feelings. 6. The children know 
their friends. 7. The brother and sister know their friends. 8. The brother 
and not the sister knows his true friends. 9. Every boy and girl knows his or 
her friends. 10. Every boy and girl knows his friends. 11. It was Mary and 
not Jane that forgot her lesson. 12. Each of the teachers is partial to his own 
pupils. 13. Neither of the children was perfect in his lesson. 14. I would 
like every one to attend to his own work. 15. Neither of the boys is studious. 
16. Every teacher is required to make his report in writing. 17. Neither of us 
was willing to give the lady his chair. 18. Many a boy has found it impossible 
to please his sister. 19. If any boy or girl be absent or tardy [they] 'that one 
must bring an excuse from his parents. 30. Avoid tobacco and strong drink; 
they will never contribute to your happiness or self respect. 21. Some paper 
or magazine will give us its aid. 22. It was a paper and not a magazine that 
gave us its aid. 23. Neither time nor care has left its mark. 
" Each other; one another." 

1. Henry and James helped each other. 2. The boys are teasing one 
another. 3. Mary and Alice dislike each other. 

Collective Nouns. 

1. The jury rendered their verdict. 2. The audience began to puzzle them- 
selves as to his meaning. 3. The society will not be responsible for the action 
of its members. 4. The society disagree in regard to their by-laws. 5. The 
church could not agree upon their present duty in the matter. 6. The army 
rebelled against its officers. 

Apply the Rules for Possessives. 

1. I have a "Webster's dictionary and Guyot's geography. 2. Men's and 
boys' hats and caps for sale. 3. Xerxes' army consisted of a million soldiers. 
4. Read the Children's Hour. 5. King James' version of the Holy Scriptures. 
6. He bore by turns Ajax' seven-fold shield. 7. Do this for conscience' sake. 

I. Nouns which do not end in s or the sound of s form the possessive by 
adding the apostrophe and s. 

II. Nouns which end in s or the sound of s form the possessive by adding the 
apostrophe only. 

1. I have Reed and Kellog's Grammar. 2. Smith, Jones and Brown's store 
is on Market St. 3. Weld and Quackenbos' grammar. 4. Sisson Brothers 
and Welden's store is on the corner. 

III. A pair or series of nouns denoting common possession take the possessive 
sign upon the name of the owner last mentioned. 



16 

1. I called at Brooks', Peck's and Wood's stores on my way to school . 

2. Webster's and Worcester's dictionaries are authorities in spelling. 

IV. A pair or series of nouns not denoting common possession take the 
possessive sign upon the name of each owner. 

1. General Winfield Scott's life. 2. Henry the Eighth's wives. 3. Jones, 
the grocer's wagon is across the street. 4. I bought the fruit at Smith's 
the grocer. 5. I bought the fruit at Smith the grocer's store. 

V. Compound or complex terms take the possessive sign but once, generally 
at tbe end or next to the name of the thing possessed. 

1. The deer's antlers were placed over the door. 2. Deers' antlers were 
found near the river. 4. I saw the fish's gills. 2. Are fishes' gills 
alike? 3. The sheeps' pasture is very rocky. 

VI. Nouns alike in both numbers, form the singular possessive by placing the 
apostrophe before the s; in the plural possessive, the s precedes the 
apostrophe. 

1. I have done ten weeks' teaching. 2. At last the week's work was done. 

3. The gnats did not care in the least for their brothers' death. 4. After 
five years' service abroad, the young captain became colonel of an 
English regiment. 

Give the case and rule for each noun and personal pronoun. 

I. Once a mighty King, Xerxes, reigned over Persia. 2. Though he was 
King over almost all the nations of the East, yet he was not satisfied. 
3. Learning that a little nation living not far from him, on the other side of the 
JEgean Sea had not submitted to his rule, he determined to conquer it. 4. This 
nation consisting of several independent cities — Athens, Sparta, Thebes, and 
many others — were called by the name of " Greeks." 5. When the Greeks 
mustered all their righting men, then did not have a hundred thousand, while 
Xerxes' army consisted of a million of soldiers. 6. As the Greeks were often 
fighting among themselves, they seemed to have no chance against the great 
King. 

7. Xerxes did not believe for a moment that the Greeks could withstand him. 
9. So he determined to try peaceable means. 10. He sent heralds to all the 
principal cities in Greece, and bade them demand from each city "earth and 
water." 

II. This was the strange Persian way of demanding obedience and subjection. 
12. Among them, giving earth was the sign of surrendering their land to the 
great King, and giving water meant that they surrendered their sea and nary to 
him. 

13. The heralds with this message from King Xerxes went forth on their way. 
14. Arriving at the cities of Greece and delivering their messages, they met very 
different receptions in different places. 15. Some cities gave earth and water, be- 
cause they were afraid of the great King. 16. Others because they wanted 
Xerxes to help them destroy their enemies. 17. But the men of Athens and 
Sparta would give neither earth nor water. 18. The Athenians were so angry 



17 

that they threw one of the heralds into a pit and bade him take his earth from 
it. 19. Another tbe} r threw into a well, telling him that he could find water 
there. 

20. When Xerxes heard this, he determined at once to levy an army and to 
conquer Greece. 21. Never before was so vast a host collected. 22. They 
drank whole rivers dry. 23. The Hellespont was bridged with boats for them 
to pass into Greece. 24. Thus this monstrous army penetrating Greece marched 
southward. 25. No one ventured to oppose them, and in a few days the hosts 
of Xerxes had reached a pass called Thermopyhc. 



Third Term. [B 3 Int.] 

III. Adjectives. 

1. Definition, recalled. 

2. Uses, recalled. 

3. Kinds: (1) qualifying, (2) verbal, (3) numeral, (4) proper, (5) limiting, 

(articles, &c.) (6) pronominal adjectives, (7) interrogative. 

4. Degrees of Comparison. 

(1) Definition. 

(2) Kinds; positive, comparative, superlative. 

(3) Formation. 

a. Comparative, (1) er, (2) more, less, (3) irregular. 

b. Superlative, (1) est, (2) most, least, (3) irregular. 

c. Adjectives that are not compared. 

5. Rule. 

Adjectives : Kinds. 

1. One clear, shining star came out before the rest. 2. He saw the pale, 
patient face in the window. 3. These bright rays made such a shining way from 
earth to heaven. 4. The angels turned their beaming eyes upon the people. 
5. The patient face was now glorified and radiant. 6. His once smooth face 
was wrinkled, and his steps were slow and feeble and his back was bent. 7. This 
was a bleak, snowy day. 8. All were cross, low-spirited and stupid. 9. Each 
waited impatiently that hour in the dreary station. 10. What hope was still 
left her? 11. This is far from right. 12. Boys are rough, hardy and boister- 
ous. 13. What reason have you for going? 14. In these halls were many 
vessels full of gold and silver. 15. The boy must not touch any of these. 16. 
He found a burning lamp and many gleaming jewels. 17. This African ma- 
gician was a very cunning and deceitful man. 18. This Swedish province is 
north of Stockholm. 19. English customs are frequently observed in American 
cities. 20. Twenty-one children were in the class. 21. Read the first, second 
and third examples. 

1. The table has an iron lock. 2. This gold watch is opened with a golden 
key, 3. The knife is in the table drawer. 4. We use lake ice. 5. Sea Island 



18 

cotton is very white. 6. Boston brown-bread is wholesome. 7. The kitchen 
chair is low and comfortable. 8. The name of the selection was '"Our Country 
Cousin." 9. I admire yonder house. 10. My work here is finished. 11. She 
looks sad. 12. He seems angry. 13. I feel faint. 14. The fruit tastes sweet. 
15. His speech sounds rough and uncultivated. 16. The rose smells street. 17. 
The wind is cold. 18. The wind blows cold. 19. The wind seems cold. 20. 
The wind feels cold. 21. He went into a far country. 

"Alone, Enough, All, Else, Too, Only, Also." 

1. I alone am escaped to tell thee. 2. We all heard the story. 3. All we like 
sheep have gone astray. 4. We will all be gay. 5. All men are created free 
and equal. G. He alone could hoist the sail. 7. Nothing else prevented his 
going. 8. What else could be do? 9. He had time enough to get his lessons. 
10. We had enough breakfast to satisfy hunger. 11. We had money enough 
to pay our fare. 12. We had bread and butter only. 13. John was an only 
son. 14. Only bread and meat were allowed. 15. Thou, too, sail on, O Ship 
of State! 16. John also was called to the spot. 17. He, too, was asked to sign 
the paper. 18. They advanced all together. 19. He forgot, all caution. 20. 
It was all in vain. 21. It was quite in vain. 22. Nature is in all her freshness 
and fragrance. 23. His life seems all song and sunshine. 24. The Lord hath 
laid on him the iniquity of us all. 25. Enough has been said. 26. All is not 
gold that glitters. 26. 'Tis heaven alone that is given away. 27. 'Tis only 
God may be had for the asking. 

"This, That, These, Those,." 

1. The fruit of this tree is in these baskets; the fruit of that tree is in 
those baskets. 2. This is a strange story I hear. 3. Thai is a fact. 4. Those 
are medium; these are excellent. 5. This he soon accomplished. 6. None 
understood the order, except those who followed. 7. This is no man of flesh 
and blood. 

"Some, Other, Any, One, All, Such, Both, Same, 
Another, None." 

1. Some he killed; others he took alive. 2. I cannot give you any. 
3. One scarcely knows what to do. 4. All is not gold that glitters. 5. Of 
these there was no lack. 6. All were sincere and truthful in their sorrow. 
7. Some knelt down. 8. One called to mind her childhood. 9. Another told 
how he had wondered much that one so young should be so bold. 10. Such is 
not the case. 11. Every one has turned to his own way. 12. None doeth 
good, no, not one. 13. He giveth to every one liberally. 

1. In the married state the same rights naturally belong to either party; 
neither party has the right to govern the other; nor is either bound to obey the 
other implicitly. 2. Every one of us is an individual. 3. Each of you is im- 
plicated. 4. Each feeling, each thought, each act of life makes its impress on 
the character. 5. He called his servants and gave to each his charge. 

1. Jiang a hand dropped in its mite. 2. Many a stifled sob was heard. 
3. Jiang a flower is born to blush unseen. 4. Not a drum was heard, not a 



19 

funeral note. 5. Not a soldier dischavged his farewell shot. 6. We carved 
not a line, we raised not a stone. 7. Such a man is he. 8. Such a s^ory is 
impossible. 9. No friend of miue left the room. 10. Such a life must be 
exceedingly pleasant. 11. Not any effort is required. 12. Not any pudding 
for me, thank y.ou. 13. No pudding for me. 14. A little pudding for me. 
15. Some pudding for me. 16. Such a commotion as I heard! 17. I plant 
such a target as is used in the north country. 18. No man knows his sepulcher. 
19. What a noise that child makes! 20. No bird-song floated down the hill. 
21. Not enjoyment and not sorrow is our destined end. 

Numerals. 

1. Nine pounds of water contain one pound of hydrogen and eight pounds 
of oxygen. 2. Read the fifth and sixth examples. 3. The first, second and 
third pupil missed the word. 4. A one-fold carpet is a one-ply carpet. 5. A 
two-ply carpet is a double carpet. 6. A three-ply carpet is a three-fold carpet 
or a triple carpet. 7. A few lessons were given. 8. A dozen men were seen. 
8. There were a hundred dollars a piece. 10. Many a boy has earned a 
thousand dollars. 11. A few thousand dollars is all he needs. 12. A million 
men composed Xerxes' army. 13. Eight thousand five hundred people crossed 
the bridge in one day. 

Comparatives and Superlatives. 

1. That book has the finer pictures, while this has the better binding. 
2. This copy book is the better of the two. 3. That is the better pen. 4. Of 
the three brothers, John is the tallest. 5. Of the two seat-mates, the younger 
is the more diligent. 6. Harvey is the largest boy in school. 7. The dictionary 
is the heaviest book on the shelf. 8. My twin-sister is the fairer. 9. The 
largest and most delicious fruit is produced by the most thrifty trees. 10. Gold 
is the most valuable of all metals. 11. Gold is more valuable than the 
other metals. 12. This is a bad day but that was worse. 13. Henry is a true 
gentleman, quiet in his deportment, pleasant in his address, social in his habits. 
14. Our best thoughts should afford us supreme delight. 15. His brother 
could tell a better story. 



Eighth Year. Fourth Term in Grammar. B 1 Int. 

TV. Verbs. 

1. Definition. Review. See first year's work. 

2. Uses, (a) and (b), Review. First year. 

Note. — (a) What is asserted of the subject is the attribute. 
Note.— (b) Verbal Words. 

a. A verbal word with the sign " to" is an infinitive. 

b. A verbal word without the sign " to" is a participle. 

3. Classification of Verbs. 

(1) As regards attribute, — a, attributive, b, copulative. 

(2) As regards receiver of action,— a, transitive, b, intransitive. 



20 

4. Properties and Relations. 

(1) Voice, a. Definition. 

b. Kinds, — (a) active, (b) passive. 
Note (c) Grammatical Predicate, including 

(a) Asserting word, and (6) attribute. 

(2) Mode. a. Definition. 

b. Kinds, — indicative, potential, subjunctive and im- 
perative. 
(3)*Tense. a. Definition. 

b. Kinds, — present, present-perfect, past, past-perfect, 
future, future-perfect. 
(4) Person and Number. 

5. Synopsis. 

Note (d) Principal Parts, — present indicative, past indicative, imperfect 

participle, perfect participle. 
3. Classification of Verbs. — Continued. 

(3) As regards number of principal parts, — (a) complete, (b) redundant, 

(c) defective. 



Third Term. [B 2 Int.] 

(4) As regards form of 2d and 4th principal part, — (a) regular, 

(b) irregular. 

(5) As regards rank, — (a) principal, (b) auxiliary. 

6. Conjugation. 

7. Rules. 

I. A verb must agree with its subject in person and number. 

II. A verb must be plural: 

(a) When the subject is plural. 

(b) When two or more singular subjects not emphatically distinguished 

are connected by and. 

(c) When the subject is a collective noun conveying the idea of plurality. 

III. The verb must be singular: 

(a) When the subject is singular. 

(b) When two or more singular subjects are connected by or, nor, and 

not or as well as. 

(c) When singular subjects joined by and, but meaning the same person 

or thing are used. 

(d) jWhen two singular subjects taken together mean but one thing. 

(e) When a collective noun implying unity is used. 

(t) When the subject is either, neither, each, one,none,or a word modified 
by each, either, every, many a, or no. 



21 

IV. When two subjects differ in person and number, and one is preceded 

by a negative word, the verb agrees with the other. 

V. When two subjects, differing in person and number, are joined by or 

or nor. the verb agrees with the one nearest it. 



Fourth Term. [B 1 Int. 

Verbs: definition, uses, — see first year's work. 
Verbs: attribute, attributive, copulative, infinitives, par- 
ticiples. 

1. The boy recited his lesson. 2. The boy was recitin g his lesson. 3. The 
sky is very blue. 4. John is captain. 5. The man with the tall hat is he. 
6. The friends became separated in the darkness. 7. Seeing is believing. 

8. The White Mountains are in New Hampshire. 9. The child was entirely 
friendless. 10. A storm was on the deep. 11. One of his friends is at the 
hotel, the other stops with a brother. 12. He is without friends in that part 
of the citv. 13. His honor is lo be maintained. 14. Things look favorable 
this morning. 15. The cMld seems to sleep soundly. 16. The ship is to sail 
next week. 17. There was turmoil in the city. 18. He was elected president. 
19. The lines were drawn parallel. 

Verbs. Attributes. 

1. The day is stormy. 2. He was large and stout, somewhat advanced in 
life, but hale and hearty. 3. There was a man sent from God. 4. His name 
was John. 5. We are seven. 6. The correct number is five. 7. The rooks 
are old established housekeepers, or high-minded gentle-folk; but the crows 
are a vagabond gipsy race. 8. It is then that the rooks forget their stateliness. 

9. In a grove of tall oaks and beeches is an ancient rookery. 10. The boys 
were cousins, happy and well content. 11. Whatever is, is right. 12. It is I, 
be not afraid. 13. This is your true life, my boy. 14. Here was the very foe 
that had fired on him from the glen. 

Verbal Words: participles, infinitives. 

1. The children love to study. 2. To study is hard work. 3. Studying is 

hard w T ork. 4. I dislike playing on a Jew's harp. 5. Dying for her is serving 

thee. 6. I enjoy reading an interesting story. 7. I love to read an interesting 

book. 8. She is telling the old, old story. 9. Mary is to sing at the concert. 

10. I saw the shepherds tending their flocks. 
Attributive, or verbs of complete predication. 
Copulative, or verbs of incomplete predication. 

1. There is a glorious city in the sea. 2. And yet in Heaven is no more 
night, in Heaven is no more sorrow. 3. Three Kings came riding from far 
away. 4. Three wise men out of the East were they. 5. Your task is finished, 
now fly. 6. The figure of the stranger then became exceeding bright. 



22 

7. What is the matter, father? 8. Life is but an empty dream. 9. Be a hero 
in the strife. 10. My gold is in the sunlight, my silver in the moon. 11. Yet 
beautiful and bright he stood. 12. Poor Susan was old and too feeble to spin. 
13. I am seven-times-one to-day. 14. The book is on the table. 

Verbs: transitive and intransitive. 

1. The teacher strikes the desk. 2. The desk is struck by the teacher. 
3. Wood is sawed by John. 4. My father wrote the letter. 5. America was 
discovered in 1492. 6. Birds fly. 7. The wiud blows. 8. John studies 
diligently. 9. John studies arithmetic. 10. The boy ruus swiftly. 11. Do 
right. 

1. I study arithmetic and geography. 2. The bird sang a song. 3. The 
letter was written last night. 4. The horse is a noble animal. 5. She was 
called Mary. 6. Ring the bell, Henry. 7. Are you going to school. 8. The 
wind is cold. 9. He was told to stay. 10. New OrW-aus was first peopled by 
the French. 11. Tea was introduced into Europe by the Dutch. 12. Thomas 
Jefferson wrote the Declaration of Independence. 13. Poets and philosophers 
have compared the course of human life to that of a river. 14. Dr. Kane 
describes the arctic sileuce as something almost dreadful. 13. Each army 
contains fifty thousand valient men. 1(5. The boy's gun was loaded. 17. The 
river Nile is muddy. 18. The man's coat was made two years ago. 19. A 
soldier's life is unpleasant. 20. The gardener's flowers were admired. 21. He 
sleeps the sleep that kuows no waking. 

Voice: active and passive. 

1. John saws wood. 2. Wood is sawed by John. 3. America was dis- 
covered in 1492. 4. Birds fly. 5. Columbus discovered America. G. Snow 
melts. 7. The lesson is learned. 8. I see ths sky. 9. The child studies 
earnestly. 10. My mother brings cups of coffee. 

1. We have no house. 2. We lice in a tent. 3. All at once a glad crv was 
heard. 4. The sky is very blue. 5. The bird sang a song. G. Birds fly. 
7. Dogs are useful animals. 8. Offer him no bribes. 9. He showed me the 
picture. 10. He was offered no bribes. 11. I was showed the picture. 
12. They called her Mary. 13. They elected him captain. 14. He ran a race. 
15. I have fought a good fight. 16. I dreamed a dream in the midst of my 
slumbers. 17. I saw him run. 18. I ask you a question. 19. He taught you 
grammar. 20. John lent James a book. 21. He was laughed at. 22. They 
laughed him to scorn. 23. Babylon is fallen. 24. The day is done. 25. The 
day is passed and gone. 26. The meat was cooked done. 27. The meat is 
done on one side. 28. Seeing is believing. 29. He is believing a false report. 

The second group of sentences, beginning with No. S, should not be 
given until review. 

1. The receiver of the action, when the verb is in the active voice, is the 

object of the verb. 

2. The receiver of the action is made the subject of the verb in the passive 

voice. 



23 



3. Intransitive verbs expressing action have but one voice. 

4. Verbs that do not express action have no voice. 

5. Only transitive verbs have the passive voice. 
Grammatical Predicates. 

For examples illustrating grammatical predicate, use all the preceding 
sentences illustrating verbs, beginning with the first. 

Give (a) asserting word, (b) word expressing the attribute. Name the 
attributes on the first page. 

For advanced work on grammatical predicate see seventh term's work. 



Fourth Term in Grammar. B 1 Int. 
Mode. 

1 John studies. 2. John may study. 3. You may study. 4. John can 
study. 5. John must study. 6. I must study. 7. If he study, he will excel. 
8. John, study. 

1. A barking dog never bites. 2. Rome was not built in a day. 6. vvasn- 
ington defended his country. 4. Keep your shop and your shop will keep 
you. 5. Lazy folks take the most pains. G. Throw down your arms and 
disperse. 7. Give us this day our daily bread. 8. Enter, my lords, and take 
your rest. 9. How strange it seems. 10. Excuse me, sir. 11. Awake, and 
let your songs resound. 12. If at first you don't succeed, try, try, again. 
13. Discretion is the better part of valor. 14. Should the boy study his lesson? 
15. Must the boy study his lesson? 16. Can the boy study his lesson? 
17. Little pitchers have large ears. 18. Laziness travels so slowly that poverty 
soon overtakes it. 19. May success attend you. 20. Never judge a book by 
its cover. 21. The maples redden in the sua. 22. Give me neither poverty 
nor riches. 23. O, had I the wings of a dove! 24. If he be industrious, he 
will succeed. 25. Were half the realm of nature mine, it were an offering far 
too small. 26. Grieve thou not. 27. The story may be true. 

Tense. 

1. I take. 2. I am taking. 3. I have taken. 

4. I took. 5. I was taking. 6. I had taken. 

7. I will take. 8. I will be taking. 9. I will have been taking. 

10. I shall take. 11. I shall be taking. 12. I shall have been taking. 
Synopsis: 

1. I came, I saw, I conquered. 2. Were the pupils going to school. 
3. Shall I take the book? 4. I am sorry for you. 5. The book lay on the 
table. 6. Does the farmer sit in his easy chair. 7. Teach me thy precepts, O 
Lord. 8. I'm reading history. 9. I have read five volumes this term. 
10. No noteworthy book has been written during this year. 11. Many im- 
provements have been made since the last war. 12. I am reading "The Critic" 



24 

this terra. 13. I was an impulsive child and loved my mother -with absolute 
devotion. 14. Flowers bloomed in the swamp last week. 15. Flowers 
bloom by the wayside. 16. Flowers bloom by the wayside in summer. 17. I 
eat maple sugar (when I can get it.) 18. She sings comic songs occasionally. 
19. He has been married. 20. They have been married twenty years. 21. He 
has told many strange stories (during his life.) 22. I have read the Bible (since 
childhood.) 23. I have read Pilgrim's Progress (three times.) 24. I visited the 
opium parlors with a friend who has himself been a smoker. 25. I visited the 
opium parlors with a friend who has himself been a smoker three years. 
26. Doing nothing is doing ill. 27. He speaks French. 

Mode and Tense. 

1. Virtue produces happiness. 2. The sun rises on the evil and on the 
good. 3. The Indian never forgives an injury. 4. I wear a fur coat (in 
winter.) 5. A wise sou maketk a glad father. 6. I have eaten my dinner. 
7. He has told the story. 8. From a child, I have written short stories. 9. I 
have read George Eliot. 10. I have worn this coat two years. 11. The 
waves have swept this rock for twenty years. 

1 I would I were a boy again. 2. If he accuse me, I will defend myself. 
3. If it rain tomorrow I shall remain at home. 4. If I thought him truthful, 
I would believe him. 5. If he disobey me, I will punish him. 6. If I am a 
Roman, I am ashamed of Rome. 7. If he is poor, he is honest. 8. If he has 
made a mistake, he should be forgiven. 9. Though he slay me, yet will I trust 
in him. 10. Were I in danger, I would stop at once. 11. Were I your enemy, 
I would not assist you. 12. If there be an officer in the room, let him come 
forward. 13. If it be true, I shall be disappointed. 14. If he be at home, I 
shall tell him my story. 15. If he were at home, I would tell him my story. 
16. Had he been at home, I would have told him my story. 

I. Principal Parts. 

II. Verbs: 

Regular, and irregular; complete, redundant and defective; 
principal and Auxiliary. 

1. Synopsis of the verb write; also of other verbs. 
1. The leaves have fallen. 2. Summer is coming! 3. Write your lesson, 
James. 4. The river takes its name from an Indian tribe. 5. The horse was 
stolen on Saturday. 6. Tell me not. 7. The swallow sings sweet from her 
nest in the wall. 8. The battle was fought on Sunday. 9. I sit by the win- 
dow.- 10. We are setting the arches for a game of croquet. 11. He has sat in 
one position for an hour. 12. I set the bird on a limb and it sits there still. 
13. The stars set one by one. 14. The sitting hen never counts the hours she 
sits on the nest. 15. I lie in the shade when I have nothing else to do. 
16. The tree lay across the street at five o'clock and had lain there for some 
time. 17. He laid the book on the table and it lies there still. 18. I now lay 
the stick across the arm of the chair. 19. The bird has laid two eggs in th 
nest and they have lain there since Wednesday. 



23 



1. Do the thing that ought to be done. 2. Drive the same horse that was 
driven yesterday. 3. He drew the figure that was drawn by the teacher. 
4. John did the work that was given him to do. 5. Giving the reins to his 
father, the boy gave the horse a stinging blow. 6. The boy driving the nail 
into the post, drove it into his finger. 7. Draw the lines parallel. 8. Having 
drawn the figure, he signed his name. 9. John has driven the colt many 
times. 10. Drawing the string toward him, he drew the bow nearly double. 

1. I saw the bird fly. 2. Before it flew, the young ones had flown to the 
ground. 3. You can get fine specimens where the workmen got the stone for 
the house. 4. He has gotten four fine specimens. 5. The wind blew harder 
yesterday than it has blown to-day. 6. He took the fruit that was taken from 
the basket. 7. King the bell that was rung yesterday- 8. Ring as ye never 
rung before! 9. "Swim for your lives!" and he swam for the shore. 10. He 
wrought his examples in twenty minutes but he works* rapidly. 11. The man 
was stricken with paralysis at his desk. 12. He struck a cruel blow. 13. I 
move you that the clause be stricken out. 14. I wake earlier than you woke. 
15. Cain smote his brother and was smitten in consequence. 16. The giant 
was slain. 17. Cain slew his brother. 18. I am he. 19. If I be rightly in- 
formed, he is already in custody. 20. "We be twelve brethren. 21. He can 
row with the best « man on the river. 22. Recite rapidly. 23. He can not 

recite rapidly. 

Shall and Will. 

/determine, promise, or prophesy authoritatively, that— 



1. I will go. 




1. 


We will go. 


2. You shall go. 




2. 


You shall go. 


3. He shall go. 




3. 


They shall go. 


I predict that— (Simp 


e futurity.) 






1. I shall go. 




1. 


We shall go. 


2. Thou will go. 




2. 


You will go. 


3. He will go. 




3. 


They will go. 


Do you, determine or wish it 


i 






1. Shall I go? 




1. 


Shall we go. 


2. Will you go? . 




2. 


Will you go? 


3. Shall he go? 




3. 


Shall they go? 


Do you predict it? (Simple 


futurity.) 






1. Will I go? 




1. 


Will we go? 


2. Shall you go? 




2. 


Shall you go? 


3. Will he go? 




3. 


Will they go? 


lie determines that — 








1. I shall go. 




1. 


We shall go. 


2. You shall go. 




2. 


You shall go. 


3. He will go. 




3. 


They will go. 


Does he predict it? (Simple 


futurity.) 






1. Will I go? 




1. 


Will we go? 


2. Will you go? 




2. 


Will you go? 


3. Shall" he go? 




3. 


Shall they go' 



26 

1. When determination and action are attributed to the same person, use 
will; when to different persons, shall. 

When prediction and action are attributed to the same person, use sJiall; 
when to different persons, use will, 

"Should" and "Would." 

/ predict that — (if it were possible) 

1. I should go. l. We should go. 

2. Thou wouldst go. 2. You would go. 

3. He would go. 3. They would go. 
/ determined that— (if it were necessary) 

1. I would go. l. We would go. 

2. Thou shouldst go. 2. You should go. 

3. He should go. 3. They should go. 

1. When prediction and action are attributed to the same persons, use sliould; 
when to different persons, tcould. 

2. When determination and action are attributed to the same persons, use 
tooi/ld; when to different persons, should 

Give both synopsis and conjugation of the preceding verbs until pupils are 
entirely familiar with mode and tense forms. 

Abbreviated Forms. 

Singular. Plural. 

Present Tense, emphatic. 
I, you don't go. 
He doesn't go. We, you, they don't go. 

Past Tense. 
I, you, he didn't go. We, you, they didn't go. 

Past Perfect Tense. 
I, you, he hadn't gone. We, you, they hadn't gone. 

Future Tense. 
I, you, he'll not go. We, you, they'll not go. 

Future Perfect Tense. 
I, you, he'll not have gone. We, you, they'll not have gone. 

Present Tense, not emphatic. 
I'm not going. We, you, they ar'n't going. 

You're not going. 
He's not going. 
Verbs. Rules : illustrations. 

I. See sentences illustrating the agreement of pronouns with their antece- 
dents. 

II. (a), (b), and (c). Verbs must be plural. 

1. My wages are sufficient. 2. I am hungry. 3. I study two hours a 
day. 4. The tree bears nothing but leaves. 5. Our neighbors are coming on 
Monday. 6. If I were you, I would never speak of it. 7. Were you at no me? 



27 

8. Your pencil is sharp. 9. John and James go to school. 10. The audience 
were beginning to amuse themselves. 11. The jury disagree three times out 
of five. 12. The boy disagrees with his sister. 13. The committee were dis- 
puting among themselves. 14. Sorrow and care show themselves in his coun- 
tenance. 15. Charles and his sister were present. 16. One of the sisters pos- 
sesses a rare shell. 

III. (a), (b). Verbs must be singular— 

1. Dissipation and not hard study is ruining his health. 2. John or 
Thomas was absent. 3. Neither Susan nor Mary is expected. 4. A grammar 
as well as an arithmetic was stolen. 5. A grammar and not an arithmetic lies 
on the table. 6. Mary but not Anna was invited, 
(c), (d), (e)and (f). 

1. This poet, statesman and general was born in obscurity. 2. My 
neighbor and friend will loan you the book. 3. Bread and butter is wholesome 
food and most people like it. 4. The bow and arrow is his favorite weapon. 
5. Every boy and girl is requested to stand. 6. Every one is the architect of 
his own fortune. 7. Each teacher and pupil is expected to be present. 8. 
Neither butter nor honey was to be obtained. 9. Many a flower is born to 
blush unseen. 10. The jury consists of twelve men. 11. One-third of the 
party were killed or missing. 12. One of the boys is too young. 13. Neither 
fear nor favor deters him. 10. My interest as well as my duty is urging me 
forward. 11. The committee were unanimous in their opinion. 12. The jury 
was charged very carefully by the judge. 13. Neither of the boys has prepared 
his lesson. 14. Each of the three tells a different story. 15. Many a one has 
been lost in this forest. 16. My friend and classmate is ill. 17. Benevolence 
as well as justice is to be our rule. 18. Each man, woman and child demands 
it. 19. No one heard his cry. 20. Each plant and tree has its history. 21. 
Every river and tiny stream helps to swell the flood. 22. His teacher and 
friend has advised him to remain. 23. Three and (added to) four are seven. 
24. Three and (with) four is seven. (Swinton.) 25. Neither of them is a 
scholar. 
Rule IV. 

1. I, and not my sister, am to blame. 2. We, and not he, have done 
the mischief. 3. Not my sister, but I am in fault. 

Rule V. When two subjects, differing in person and number, are joined 
by or or nor, the verb agrees with the one nearest it. 

1. Either he or I have forgotten your caution. 2. Either I or he gives 
you trouble. 3. Neither I nor you are in sympathy with him. 4. Neither he 
nor his friends are seeking your interest. 5. Mary or her friends have forgot- 
ten the appointment. 



28 
Ninth Year. Fifth Term in Grammar. A 2 Int. 

Note. — Only participles having the limitations of the verb are here considered. 

Pakticiples. 

Review verbal words. See first year's work. 

1. Definition. 

2. Uses: (a) Substantive, — subjective, objective and attributive. 

(b) Adjective, (c) Adverbial, (d) As a part of the verb. 

3. Derivation. 

(a) From regular or irregular verbs. 

(b) From transitive or intransitive verbs. 

4. Kinds. 

(a) Indefinite, — (active, wanting), passive. 

(b) Imperfect, — active, passive. 

(c) Perfect, — active and passive. 

5. Forms. 

(a) Indefinite active, (wanting.) 

" passive, — told. 

(b) Imperfect active, — telling. 

" passive, — being told. 

(c) Perfect active, — having told. 

" passive, — having been told. 

6. Rules. 

(a) When participles have the construction of the noun, apply the 

.same rules as to other substantives. 

(b) When participles are used as j modifying elements, apply the same 

rules as to adjectives and adverbs 

Pakticiples : Uses. Kinds. 

1. The tree tending with fruit fell to the ground. 2. Loving our neighbors 
is fulfilling the law. 3. Seeing a fact is believing its truth. 4. I succeeded in 
astonishing both. 5. I heard the whistling wind sweeping the snow from the 
roof. 6. He is believing a false report. 7. I saw the shepherds tending their 
flocks. 8. The boy writing the letter, will carry it to the office. 9. The 
letter being written, the boy/ carried it to the office. 10. The boy having 
written the letter, carried it to the office. 11. The letter having been written, 
the boy carried it to the office. 12. The letter written by the boy was lost. 
13. She came leading a little child. 14. The sword hangs rustiog on the wall. 
15. The water is boilinghot. » Freezing cold. 16. The day is done. 17. The 
day is passed and gone. 18. Babylon is fallen. 19. The letter is, was, will 
be "written." 20. I^am, was, will be "writing." 21. I have, had, will have 
"written." 

1. Remembering the'heat of the weather, I changed my course. 2. I made 
a hotter fire than^usual'fo^cookmg my meat. 3. He had gone out for a walk, 
taking a book^as his companion. 4. Who had a hand in planning and execut- 



29 

ing this deed? 5. In a case exciting so much attention, discovery must come. 
6. She looked around, expecting to see an angel. 7. No one has ever dreamed 
of scaling the wall. 8. Feeding the hungry and comforting the sorrowing is 
but fulfilling the chief obligation of life. 9. Leaving the boat, he plunged 
into the wilderness. 
1. It is flattering to our pride. 2. He disliked serving two masters. 

3. Spurning with her foot the ground, she leaped into the ocean's arms. 

4. Upon the bosom of that sea, thy comings and thy goings be. 5. May I not 
see it shining on the broken and dishonored fragments of a once glorious: 
union; ou states dissevered, discordant, belligerent. 6. We should avoid 
breaking the law. 7. Forgiving her that rash act, was but obeying the 
dictates of a kind heart. 9. Telling the exact truth is gaining the approbation 
of your own conscience. 10. Hearing the strange sound, she turned to listen. 
11. They discharged the gun, causing an instant explosion. 12. Much is to be 
gained w idle teaching the languages. 13. Seeing the multitude he went up 
into a mountain. 14. Our lamps are gone out. 15. His angel sister said, "Is 
my brother come?" 

1. The house being built, we moved into it. 2. The house being built on 
Market street, is owned bv Mr. Jones. 3. The house building on Market street 
is owned by Mr. Jones. 4. Looking around and seeing the people staring and 
the old woman beginning to cry, he turned back, saying, "I am very sorry." 

5. Truth crushed to earth shall rise again. 6. The apple eaten by Eve was 
the first temptation. 7. He found the door locked. 8. He saw the letter 
written and signed. 9. The vessel anchored in the bay i.as lost her sails. 
10. The soldier being wounded was carried to the hospital. 11. Irritated by 
this, he called, but no one answered. 12. After repeating some choice selections 
they resumed their work. 13. While scaling yonder peak, I saw an eagle 
wheeling near its brow. 14. After carefully considering both sides, he gave his 
decision. 15. Though listening carefully, I could not detect the slightest 
sound. 

1. The boy hearing the music, was delighted. 2. The music heard by the 
boy was never forgotten. 3. The boy having heard the music, remembered it. 

4. The music, having been heard by the boy, was always remembered. 

5. Loving our neighbors is fulfilling the law. 6. We should avoid breaking 
the law. 7. By reading good books, we improve our minds. 8. The Son of 
man came eating and drinking. 9. The horse stands sleeping. 10. The cars 
came rattling. 

Participles. 

1. It is related that the Cyclops being savage and cruel, were by Jupiter first 
thrown into Tartarus, there being condemed to perpetual imprisonment. 2. Long 
afterward, Tellus pursuaded Jupiter that releasing them and employing them 
in his service for the forging of thunderbolts, would be greatly to his advantage. 
3. Accordingly, being released, they, with unwearied pains and diligence, and 
with a frightful din of the anvil, were heard continually hammering out his bolts 
a nd preparing his other instruments of terror. 4. Not long afterward, Jupiter, 



so 

being displeased with iEsculapius, the son of Apollo, for having, by the art of 
medicine, restored a dead man to life, concealed his indignation, because the 
action in itself was pious and illustrious, but secretly incensing the Cyclops 
against him, they, without remorse, slew him with their thunderbolts. 

5. Resolving upon revenge. Apollo, aided by the connivance of Jupiter, 
shot them all dead with his arrows. 

Infinitives. 

1. Definition. 

2. Uses: (a) Substantives, — subjective, objective and attributive. (Predicate 

complement.) 
(b) Adjective, (c) Adverbial. 

3. Derivation. 

(a) They are derived from regular or irregular verbs. 

(b) They are derived from transitive or intransitive verbs. 

4. Kinds. 

(a) Indefinite active — to tell. 

" passive, — to be told. 

(b) Imperfect active, — to be telling. 

" possive, — to be being told* 

(c) Perfect active, — to have told. 

" passive, — to have been told. 

5. Rules. 

(a) When infinitives have the construction of nouns, apply the 

same rules as for other substantives. 

(b) When infinitives are used as modifying elements, apply the 

rules for adjectives and adverbs. 
* Seldom or never used. 

Infinitives. — Uses. 

1. To forgive is divine. 2. They wish to study Latin. 3. I dislike to argue 
such a question. 4. I desire to visit my friend. 5. To see a fact is to believe 
its truth. 6. To hesitate now, is to fail. 7. To be telling the news is her de- 
light. 8. The desire to live for some noble purpose, will induce great effort. 
9. Water to drink was given him. 10. The ship is to sail next week. 11. The 
wish to see my friends is sometimes very strong. 12. His honor is to be main- 
tained. 13. The farm is to be sold. 14. They are about to go. 15. They are 
to go soon. 16. Those who went to scoff, remained to pray. 17. I came to 
visit you. 18. The child seems to sleep soundly. 

Without "to." 
" Bid, dare, feel, hear, let, make, need, see, please." 
1. I saw him run. 2. They bade him study his lesson. 3. I hear the birds 
sing. 4. He dare not tell you his fault. 5. They made him sit on the ground. 
6. Please excuse my absence on Monday. 7. They heard her call us. 8. I 
could feel the earth tremble. 9, Let us turn to the passage. 10. Do not make 
me go. 11. I will help him get his lessons. 



31 

Predicate complement. (Attribute.) 

1. He was seen to run. 2. He was bidden to study his lesson. 3. The birds 
were heard to sing. 4. The soldiers were ordered to march. 5. The company- 
were expected to assemble early. 6. He was heard to remark that the circum- 
stances were peculiar. 7. He is said to be lecturing on temperance. 8. The 
ship is to sail in September. 9. He is to study several hours each day. 

Attributive object, or complement. 

1. I know him to be doing his best. 2. He besought Hercules to come and 
help him. 3. How dare you send for me? 4. I believe him to be deceiving 
us. 5. His friends begged the officer to pardon him. 6. We asked him to tell 
us his story. 7. We consider him to be honest. 

1. For me to study is out of the question. 2. I wrote for him to come on 
the next train. 3. Let her be called Mary. 4. For you to deceive is criminal. 
5. They brought some water for te child to drink. 6. He is slow to perceive 
an error. 7, I am glad to assist you. 8. I like you to recite promptly. 9. Few 
are content to be poor. 10. I have a duty to perform. 11. To think that you 
should believe such a story! 12. To be sure, I will. 13. To confess the truth, 
I was in fault. 14. To tell the story properly, I must begin at the beginning. 
15. I am only too glad to assist you. 16. Be so kind as to lend me your book. 
17. This is better than to study too late. 

Infinitives, — Uses, Kinds, Forms. 

" No wonder my master considers me sensible," said Drover, who began to 
be proud of himself. "I was never known to be idle, when my work was 
ready, nor to be caught worrying a sheep in a passion. No one can touch my 
character; I have that to reflect on, and it gives my meal a relish to think I de- 
serve it. I am quick to detect a rogue, and he must have more wit than to try 
to take me in. To take me in, indeed !" and he was too indignant at the 
thought to be disturbed by the slight noise outside the wicket. 

There sat an ill-looking, half -starved mongrel with a ragged ear and one eye. 
" You are not a fine fellow to look at," thought Drover, as he began on the 
largest and best bone for his breakfast. " But I am not allowed to order him 
off while he is on the highway." He begged the fellow, however, to under- 
stand that gazing was very unmannerly. 

" If you knew what a pleasure it is to see you eat, you would not wish me to 
go," said the dog. 

" Nonsense," said Drover, "you cannot make me believe that you care to 
see any one eat but yourself." 

" When you are sure not to get what you want, it is consoling to see the 
happiness of others;" and the dog began to xohimper. 

" Be off," said Drover, "you have nothing to do but to steal. If you manage 
to live in spite of starvation, it will be to be hanged at last. 

" The truth is" said the dog, " I came to be advised, and however severe you 
may be, I am willing to listen thankfully. Please go on, sir, with that beau- 



32 

tiful bone. Do not allow me to hinder you a moment. I smelt it from the 
end of the lane." 

Drover began to be mollified. "Advice," said he, "how long will you 
promise tofolloio it?" 

" Oaly try me," said the dog, and he winked hard that he might not seem 
to be looking at the bone. 

" My advice is to leave off your bad ways and live honestly." 

" To tell you the truth, I have had nothing to eat for days. Only tell me 
how to overcome this hunger, and I will surprise you." 

" Give up fighting," said Drover. 

"Ah, sir," and his ragged ear and blind side seemed to be speaking for him, 
" I am sure to know what fighting has done for me. If I were only permitted 
to receive the countenance and advice of a respectable member of society like 
yourself, I might succeed. But after the pleasure of seeing you enjoy a break- 
fast which you so richly deserve, I go to die in a ditch, to be an example of the 
folly of bad ways." 

" There," said Drover, who seemed to be quite overcome and willing to relin- 
quish his best bone; " you may have It." 

"Impossible." said the dog, wriggling through the fence, to seize the bone, 
witn his one eye full of admiring gratitude. 

" To be fed in this way is to make quite another being of me," said the dog 
and he made for the fence. 

"What is the advice you wanted?" said Drover. 

" Nothing to speak of," said the dog, as he wriggled himself through. " I 
wanted to get some breakfast, and I knew very well that the way to get it was 
to ask for advice. Not to be ungrateful for that excellent bone, let me give you 
a piece of advice. May you never trust repentance that comes from an empty 
stomach, nor take compliments from a beggar," and away he ran. 

Adverbs. 

1. Definition. See first year's work. 

2. Uses of the Adverb. See first year's work. 

3. Classes of adverbs. 

(1) Adverbs of place. 

(2) Adverbs of time. 

(3) Adverbs of manner or degree. 

(4) Adverbs of cause. 

(5) Adverbs of affirmation or approval. 

(6) Adverbs of negation or doubt. 

(7) Interrogative adverbs. 

(8) Expletive adverbs: 

(9) Conjunctive adverbs. 

4. Comparison. 

Positive, comparative, superlative degrees. 
Words used as adverbs frequently have a substantive and adjective as well as 
an adverbial form. 



33 

Two negative words should not be used in expressing a negation. 

1. Westward the star of empire takes its way. 2. Whence comest thou? 
3. There were three boys there. 4. There is your lesson. 5. Above, below, 
where e'er I gaze, thy guiding finger, Lord, I view. 6. Here is a stranger 
walking back and forth, and speaking impatiently to the workmen. 
7. Flowers are peeping out everywhere. 8. Presently the child said slowly, 
" The small bright specks in the sky must surely be the children of the stars." 
9. My friend came a week ago. 10. Help was already in sight. 11. Soon the 
good fairy unclosed her hand and let them go again. 12. Will you not help 
me soon. 13. This is an exceedingly difficult lesson. 14. Yonder is the place 
where the arrow fell. 15, Slowly and sadly we laid him down. 16. We 
steadfastly gazed on the face of the dead and bitterly thought of the morrow. 

17. There are men who always fail simply because they are behind time. 

18. He decided not to go. 19. You will surely keep your promise. 20. Pos- 
sibly you may reach the station in time. 21. Certainly he is a diligent student. 
22. He is sitting just bej^ond the door. 23. We live just across the bridge. 
24. The harder he studies the sooner will he get his lessons. 25. Thou, too, 
sail on. 26. The report is too good to be true. 27. Thou alone must shape 
thy future. 28. He walked alone through the forest. 29. I only am escaped 
to tell thee. 30. He spoke only once during the exercises. 31. Even when 
asleep the tyrant never rests. 32. I strove less than he, yet succeeded better. 
33. Things look favorable. 34. He regards the matter favorably. 35. She 
stood sad and silent by the newly made grave. 36. The rose smells sweet or 
sweetly? 37. I feel bad or badly about the matter. 38. She feels the situation 
keenly. 39. I arrived safe and sound. 40. First, let us consider his labors: 
secondly, his trials; thirdly, his dangers. 41. The child looks for a moment 
steadily across the plain. 42. The servant appears promptly upon the ringing 
of the bell. 43. There was tumult in the city. 44. How can you tell an 
adverb? 45. Why is how an adverb? 46. Surely the darkness will cover me. 

47. And forthwith they sprung up because they had no deepness of earth. 

48. The garden looks bad since the frost. 49. How sad she must feel! 
50. His remarks were sadly out of place. 51. I am not so sure of this. 

1. When will the work be done? 2. I do not know when the work will be 
done. 3. The child sleeps while the mother sings. 4. Work before play. 
5. Come when it is convenient. 6. Will you lend me your book? Yes. 
7. Whither she went, thither she came. 8. My pen is poor and therefore I 
cannot write. 9. Did you find your book? No. 



34 

Sixth Term in Grammar. A 1 Int. 

Pronouns: interrogative, relative. 

Review — 

a. Personal Pronoun— {\) Definition, (2) Uses. 

Teach— 

b. Interrogative Pronoun,— (I) Definition, (2) Uses. (3) Words' 

used — who, which and what and taeir special uses. 

c. Relative Pronoun. — (1) Definition, (2) Uses, (3) Words used— 

who, which, what, that and as, and the special uses of each. 
After (1) definition, (2) uses, and (3) kinds as above, 
(4) Uses or construction of pronouns in sentences. 

Review — 

(^Properties and Relations: (1) Person, (2) Number, (3) Gender, 
(4) Case. 

See third term's work. 

(6) Rules. See personal pronouns. Third term. 

(7) Declension of Interrogative and Relative Pronouns. 
Review Etymology during the sixth term. 

Interrogative Pronouns : Uses, Cases. 

1. Who art thou? John. 

2. What shall I do? Nothing. 

3. Which is she? Mary. 

4. Whom did you hear? Mary. 

5. What was sent? 6. Whose book have you? 7. Who brought your 
dinner? 8. Which did she invite? 9. For what are you looking? 10. Who 
jent him the money ? 11. Of whom are you speaking?. 

Classify the Interrogatives. 

1. What lesson have you learned? 2. Which horse has he sold? 3. What 
book will you buy? 4. Which apple do you wish? 6. What man among you 
would not help the needy? 6. Which one lost his hat? 7. What object do 
you see at the right? 8. Which line of argument does he take? 

Classify the Words in Italics. 

1. I know icho thou art. 2. I will tell you what to do. 3. I know which 
is Mary. 4. I will not tell what was sent. 5. I know who brought the letter. 
6. I will not tell what it is. 7. Whoever told you that story? 8. Who shall 
separate us from the love of Christ? 9. Of what use is language? 10. Who, 
looking back from his manhood's prime, sees not the specter of his misspent 
time? 11. For what are all our striving? 12. What money we had was taken 



ss 

away. 13. Who is my neighbor? 14. To which lady did you give the book? 
15. What villains now disturb our rest? 16. Wherefore didst thou doubt? 

Relative Pronouns: Uses, Cases. 

1. The man [who brought the package] left it [at the door]. 

I x 1 2 3 ~~2~ ~3 

2. The house which stands near the river, belongs to me. 3. Then Hugo, who 
was only a serf, began to speak to his master. 4. This is the day which was 
appointed for the trial. 5. Strive for that life whose joys are eternal. 6. This 
is the very rock on which the pilgrims stood. 7. This is the person for whom 
she interceded. 8. He laughs best who laughs last. 9. He that spares vice, 
wrongs virtue. 10. That is often lost in an hour which cost a lifetime. 
11. For he who is honest is noble. 12. They provided for such passengers as 
wished to leave by the boat. 

" What," having two case relations. 
1. He lost what was given [ him J. 

"I 2 ixi 2 

2. What the Abbot of Bamba cannot eat, he give3 away for the good of his 
soul. 3. I know what a good sentence is. 4. They asked me what I wanted. 
5. Not what we think but what we do, makes saints of us. 6. The way to be 
admired is to be what we love to be thought. 7. We took what they gave us. 

" What," having an adjective and a case relation. 

1. What [assistance was given] was very acceptable. 

xl 1 2 i 2 

2. I lent him what books he needed. 3. What outposts were attacked by the 
Indians? 4. I do not know what language he speaks. 5. I will give you 
what money there is. 

"What." 

1. What moistens the lip, what brightens the eye, what calls back the past 
like the rich pumpkin pie? 2. What does he know about music? 3. What is 
a noun? 4. What are the bells ringing for? 5. Can you tell me what the 
bells are ringing for? 6. What books would you like? 7. What questions 
shall I propose? 8. What an idle vagabond you are ! 9. What a commotion 
there was on the top of the wall ! 10. Othello. "I will a round unvarnished 
tale deliver of my whole course of love; what drugs, what charms, what con- 
jurations, and what mighty magic I won his daughter with." 11. What with 
entreaty and what with threatenings, I succeeded. 12. What if you should 
be called a rogue? 13. If you should be called a rogue, what? 14. "What 
for?" said the cat. 15. What, never say a word? 16. What is so rare as a 
day in June? 17. With what judgment ye judge, ye shall be judged, and with 
what measure ye mete it shall be measured to you again. 

" Whatever." 

1. He has lost whatever reputation he once had. 2. Whatsoever ye would 
that men should do to you, do ye even so to them. 3. The Holy Supper is 



36 

kept indeed in ichatso we share with another's need. 4. I paid whatever the 
merchant asked. 5. Add whatever you think will interest your friends. 

6. There were no social relations whatever between us. 7. Whosoever shall 
fall on this stone shall be broken. 

1. Let such [as excel ,] teach others. 

~~2 3 xl 2 3 

2. Give a republic such patriotic sons as Washington and Lincoln, and their 
success is a problem solved. 3. Such as I have give I unto thee. 4. Such as 
came were baptized. 

" That" is a relative only when who or which can bs substituted for it." 

" That" is the relative of restriction. 

1. Books that are our constant companions, have the privilege of friends. 
2. Books, which [and they] are our constant companions, should be chosen as 
are friends. 3. All that glitters is not gold. 4. He that is at sea, has not the 
wind in his hands. 

That is used after the superlative; also after "same, no, all, any; each, every, 
some or very." 

1. This is the sharpest pencil that I have. 2. This is the same book that I 
brought with me. 3. All that a man hath, will he give in exchange for his 
life. 4. This is the largest bird that lives in the South American forests. 
5. The Indians constructed rude huts, covered with the skins of wild animals 
th<it they slew in the chase. 6. The Indians constructed rude huts covered 
with the skins of wild animals, which formed their rude dwellings. 

[WIio and which refer to the principal noun; that to the subordinate noun.] 

7. Age which [and it] lessens the enjoyment of life, increases our desire of 
living. 8. No man that fears the future, can really enjoy the present. 9. All 
that is great and good is done, just by patient trying. 10. 'Tis Heaven alone 
that is given away. 11. ne is a poor workman that quarrels with his tools. 
12. Handsome is that handsome does. 

1. Tliat book is mine! 2. That is true. 3. Laziness travels so slow, that 
poverty soon overtakes it. 4. That report cannot be true. 5. The book that 
you sent me, is not mine. 6. This is the largest apple that I have seen. 7. That 
is the best {that) I can do for you. 

«• Who, Which, What and That." 

" Cuckoo! Cuckoo!" said a gray bird as she rested from her weary flight on 
a budding elm. 

" What do you think of that?" said a staid looking thrush, lifting her head 
from the nest that sheltered her young. 

" Think anything of her," said the black-bird. "Cuckoo! Cuckoo!" cried 
the gray bird, napping her wings and tail among the branches of the tree that 
furnished her dinner. 

" What times these are! Wliat audacious impudence is this, insulting the 
public with impunity!" said a blue bird. 



37 

" Take care of your nests!" chirped a hedge-sparrow; " she was so civil that 
she left an egg in mine last year; and that young one took whatever it could 
get, tcliich often left my brood of six hungry." 

" What shall we do?" was the twitter among the feathered tribes. Cock- 
robin, who was much offended by her inelegant flight and appearance, proposed 
that the owl should be asked for his help, so that she might be got rid of, and 
that she might never again obtrude herself into their company. 

That the owl was asleep was certain, but the chattering of the sparrows and 
the chirping of the birds whose outcry was loudest, avvoke him. Half open- 
ing one eye, he said, "One at a time, friends." Then nearly closing it again 
as the din increased, said," I really cannot tell whose voice I hear." 

So the various birds laid whatever complaint they had before him. 

" The disturbing of my meditation, which occurred at an unusual hour, ren- 
ders me almost incapable of judging a case, which requires the best decision 
that I can give," said he. 

" What evidence has been furnished, accuses the cuckoo of neglect of home 
duties. I have duly considered what thieving, what taking of house-room 
without paying for it, what uselessness and idleness have been charged against 
her. The thrusting of her young on the care of others, as well as the impu- 
dence and other misdemeanors which have been mentioned, have also been 
noted. 

" In regard to home duties, Mrs. Thrush, who is a pattern of mothers, will 
agree with me, that the mother whose children are not cared for by herself, does 
well to select good nurses. As to thieving, what shall I say? Mr. Bluebird, 
wJio was first witness on this head, had his mouth so full of peas that he 
could hardly give evidence. For the uselessness which has been charged, I 
have this to say ; I heard the farmer tell the bailiff whom he had summoned, 
that he might shoot what he pleased of you, except the thrush, who lives upon 
snails and such things, and the cuckoo, not a hair of whose head should be 
touched. The trees covered with caterpillars and their eggs, and the young 
things that are coming up are saved from destruction by her labors. As to 
thrusting her young on the public for support, I appeal to you whose opinion I 
would know, icJtat right has that public in whose interest she is working, to 
deny her what assistance she needs. Theu there are so many opinions as to 
beauty ancl elegance that I must decline to answer that objection. Opening 
both his eye3 and looking at the sparrows, "I confess," said he, "thatus to 
impudence, I shall cease to be surprised at any charge whose authors are such 
proverbial offenders." 

This exertion sent the owl fast asleep again. As the birds were dispersing, 
they heard the gray-bird crying "cuckoo! cuckoo!" They all felt a little 
ashamed of the bitterness of the hatred which they had expressed of one for 
whom so much good could be said. 



38 

Seventh Term in Grammar. 

Grammatical Predicate. 

[For elementary work on grammatical predicate, see work of the fourth term.] 

Attribute. Attributive Verbs, or verbs of complete predication. 
Copulative Verbs, or verbs of incomplete predication: (a) the copula or 
pure verb ; (b) a list of verbs, become, seem, appear, etc. ; (c) some verbs in the 
passive voice. 

1. Do you hear the birds sing? 2. I saw the dogs swim. 3. The girls were 
friends, loyal and true. 4. What is the matter, father? 5. God is upon the 
ocean. 6. Seeing a fact is believiug its truth. 7. A is a vowel. 8. He is 
believing a false report. 9. It was I. 10. That is so. 11. She seemed too 
weak to stand. 12, But this is not all. 13. The Hurons became his enemy. 
14. There was midnight on the water. 15. Thus to live were to die. 16. She 
appeared beautiful. 17. The night became cold. 18. It was midnight on the 
water. 19. Beyond, there is but a slight cultivation. 20. Yet beautiful and 
bright he stood. 21. Dead he lay there in the darkness. 22. He arrived safe 
and soui .d. 23. Blessed are the poor in spirit. 24. He was elected captain. 
25. He was called tlie friend of man. 26. The states were declared free and 
independent. 27. The Hag was kept flying from the staff. 28. He was told 
to stay. 29. He is called the Son of God. 30. The bread was baked brown. 
31. A rose by any other name would smell as sweet. 32. Victoria is styled 
Queen of Great Britain and Empress of ludia. 33. The day is past and gone. 
34. Our lamps are gone out. 35. baid his angel sister, "Is my brother come?" 

1. The day is over. 2. All their joys are one. 3. Troy was, but is not. 
4. My birth-day lessons are done. 5. True worth is in being, not seeming. 
6. There was as yet no theatre. 7. His object is to increase the number of 
revolutions. 8. Each child is to report the number of misspelled words. 
9. But this is not all. 10. Memory is like a purse. 11. His office is to lighten 
the sorrows of the poor. 12. The wind blows keen and cold. 13. He looks 
bad. 14. She looks coldly upon him. 15. The child feels bad, but cries well. 

" 'Tis the last rose of summer left blooming alone; 
All her lovely companions are faded and gone; 
No flower of her kindred, no rose bud is nigh, 
To reflect back her blushes or give sigh for sigh. 
I'll not leave thee thou lone one to pine on the stem, 
Since the lovely are sleeping go sleep thou with them. 
Thus kindly I'll scatter thy leaves o'er the bed, 
Where thy mates of the garden lie scattered and dead." 

1. The bread was baked brown. 2. She was seen carrying the package. 
3. He is considered honest. 4. He is believed to be a scholar. 5. The crier 
was thought mad. 6. He was appointed as monitor. 7. This people were 
doomed to become a thorn to New Eugland. 8. He was laughed to scorn. 



39 

9. The book was left open. 10. Whole rivers were drunk dry. 11. Inarms 
an Austrian phalanx stood, a living wall, a human wood. 12. I am become 
as a soundirjg brass or a tinkling cymbal. 

1. I feel anxious about you. 2. I feel a severe pain in my head. 3. His 
voice sounds harsh and unmusical. 4. She appears composed. 5. She looks 
steadily across the plain. 6. The child looks tired and sleepy. 7. She looks 
daggers at me. 8. She seems a gentle child. 9. Callas grow wild in warm 
climates. 10. He is here. 11. He is usually present at church but absent at 
the Sundav School. 12. The food tastes too salt. 13. The fruit smells sweet. 
14. The owl looks wise. 15. The wind blows cold. 16. He gets angry at the 
least provocation. 17. This loss seems also as in part a robbery. 

Grammatical Predicates. 

Narcissus is said to have been extremely beautiful and also t o have been 

, — a" 2 

intolerably proud and disdainful. 

2. To show his delight in himself and his scorn for the world, he chose to lead 
a solitary life in the woods. 3. His employment was to hunt with only a few 
followers who professed to admire his charms, and among whom he is said to 
have chosen the nymph Echo, to be his constant companion. 4. This being 
his method of life, it was once his fortune to approach a clear fountaiu where 
he was seen to lay himself down to rest in the noonday heat. 5. There to 
behold his face in the water, threw him into such rapture and admiration of 
himself, that his attendants were forced to allow him to remain continually 
fixed and gazing. 6. At length the fates resolved to change him into a flower 
of his own name. 

7. This flower is known to appear only in the spring and to be consecrated 
to the infernal deities— Pluto, Procerpine and the Furies. 

Objective Elements: (1) direct object, (2) double object -direct 
and attributive; (3) double object— both direct. 

1. The lightning struck the oak. 

" I 2 3 

2. Whom did you see? 

3. I knew him well. 

4. Avoid giving offense. 

5. I dislike to do it. 

6. They named hpr Mary. 

1 2 3 3 

7. They appointed him moni tor. 

I 2 i 3 

8. I saw him run. 9. 1 saw him carrying the package. 10. They baked 
the bread brown. 11. We consider him honest. 12. They appointed him as 
monitor. 13. They thought the crier mad. 14. Fortune makes him a fool 



40 

whom she makes her darling. 15. The Union army always found the negroes 
their friends. 16. Fortune doomed this people to become a thorn to New 
England. 17. They laughed him to scorn. 18. We knew the slout boy to be 
the thief. 19. They left the book open. 20. They drank whole rivers dry. 
21. Forgive us our trespasses. 22. The Scriptures inform us how we may 
gain eternal life. 23. He informed me that the ship was to sail. 24. They 
urge us to be good and true. 25 Some he killed; others he took alive. 

26. They besought him that they might touch the hem of his garment. 

27. For all hold John as a prophet. 28. Wiieu saw we thee, a stranger and 
took thee in. 

(4) Indirect Objects. 

1. John brought his brother a book. 2. The father gave his son five hundred 
dollars a year. 3. Fill me the cup to the brim. 4. My brother taught me 
French. 5. I will ask your friend this question. 6. My cousin did me a good 
turn. 7. He answered them nothing. 8. John gave me the money. 
9. Henry caused his mother many anxious hours. 10. Bring me word again. 
11. The cruel blow gave the child much pain. 

(5) Retained Object after a verb in the passive voice. 

1. "We were forgiven our trespasses. 2. We were informed how we may 
gain eternal life. 3. I was informed that the ship was to sail. 4. They were 
answered nothing. 5. Henry's mother was caused mauy anxious hours. 

(6) Compound Objects. (7) Cognate Objects. 

1. I saw Henry aud Thomas in the field. 2. Bring your book, slate and 
atlas. 3. Rhetorical figures promote clearness, beauty, brevity and force. 
4. Remote from towns he ran his godly race. 5. I dreamed a dream in the 
midst of mv slumber. 6. He lived the life of the just. 7. Let me die the 
death of the righteous. 8. She sleeps the sieep that knows no waking. 9. I 
dreamed a dream that was not all a dream. 

(8) Reflexive. (9) Adverbial Objects. 

1. He could not justify himself. 2. I taught myself to spin. 3. She blamed 
herself for his misfortunes 4. All in concert danced the war dance. 5. The 
student walks three miles each day. 6. The child is ten years old. 7. We 
were obliged to wait an hour, though he came the shortest way. 8. They 
waited some days and then sailed east. 9. All rushed that instant toward the 
wall. 

1. The direct object is the receiver of the action when the verb is iu the active 

voice. 

2. The attributive object expresses an attribute of the direct object and in 

connection with it completes the meaning of the verb. 

3. An indirect object is found before the direct object without a governing 

word; when placed after, it becomes the object of a preposition. 



41 

4. The retained object after a verb in the passive, is one of the double objects 

in the active, when both are direct. Should the indirect object be made 
the subject, the construction would be illogical. 

5. An object of kindred meaning or cognate object is the direct object 

whose meaning is akin to the verb which it follows and which is gen- 
erally intransitive. 

6. The reflexive object of the verb denotes the same person or thing as the 

subject. 

7. Adverbial objects express time, extent, direction, value, manner and quan- 

tity. These with tfte nouns following near, nigh, like, worth and opposite 
are, by an elipsis of the, preposition,* in the objective case without a 
governing word. 

8. Two objective elements — not compound — required by the verb to com- 

plete its meaning, constitute a double object. 

Objective Word Elements. 

1. Pericles, an Athenian, nobly born, was instructed by many learned master*. 
2. The philosopher Damon taught him music as well as politics. 3. Zeno gave 
Mm lessons in natural philosophy, but Anaxsgoras did him the greatest serviceby 
developing the noblest traits of his character, and instilling into his mind the 
best of principles. He also taught his pupil the absurdity of superstitious fear 
of things supernatural. 

Pericles' superior eloquence and well trained voice caused his hearers great 
pleasure, and they would give him their attention hours at a time. For many 
years he proved himself a brave soldier and was finally chosen as the popular 
leader of the people. To retain his popularity, he procured the Athenians great 
pleasure by means of shows, games, feasts and processions. His aim was to 
keep the populace amused and occupied. 

To provide experienced seamen, he gave the citizens of Athens the opportunity 
to accompany one of the six vessels sent out by him every year on an eight 
months' voyage. 

He caused many colonies to be established in the neighborhood to keep foreign 
Tuitions in awe and to rid himself of unoccupied and mischievous Athenians. 
He also caused himself to be remembered for all time by the magnificent temples 
and public buildings he erected. In this way he gave great numbers of mechanics 
and tradespeople employment, causing them to vie with each other in prodxicing 
good and beautiful work. Thus money circulated freely and Athens grew in 
beauty each day. 

His enemies induced the people to charge him with extravagance. But his 
wise answer taujht them a lesson. His address afterward brought his enemies 
defeeit and secured himself the absolute command of the nation continuing forty 
years. 

He lived a life full of activity, governing wisely, never stooping to a bribe, 
and giving the people his influence for their advantage. Historians rightly call 



42 

Mm Pericles the just. Withal he did not enrich himself. His own inherited 
fortune was prudently managed and proved sufficient for his needs. 

History tells us a story illustrating his qualities of heart: According to 
ancient custom, when a misanthrope considered that he had run his race he 
covered his head and died by starvation. Anaxagoras, Pericles' old tutor, 
thinking himself neglected and no longer an aid to his master, determined to 
bid life farewell. Pericles, hearing of Anaxagoras' resolution, hastened to 
entreat him to change his mind. After every argument had been exhausted 
he was asked by Pericles this question: 

"What will be the fate of my administration without the aid of so valuable a 
friend and counselor 1 !" Uncovering his head at this, Anaxagoras replied, "Ah, 
Pericles, those having 'need of a lamp take care to furnish it oil." He was for- 
given his rash act and Pericles never again gave the old man occasion to 
reproach him. 

Analysis op Sentences. 

1. Definition of Sentence. 

2. Classification of sentences. 

(a) As regards use— 

(1) Declarative, (2) Interrogative, (3) Imperative, (4) Exclamatory, 
(5) Mixed. 

(b) As regards number of propositions — 

(1) Simple — definition, elements. 

(2) Not simple — definition, elements. 

Simple Sentences. 

1. Definition. 

2. Elements— (1) Definition. (2) Classification of elements. 

a. As regards rank— I. Principal or essential. 2. Subordinate. 3. In- 
dependent. 

6. As regards modifiers — 1. Simple. 2. Complex. 3. Compound. 

c. As regards/o/vM— 1. Word. 2. Phrase. 3. [Clause.] 

d. As regards office — 1. Substantive, subjective, objective and 

attributive, (attribute). 2. Adjective. 3. Adverbial. 

Sentences not Simple. 

1. Definition. 

2. Elements: (1) Definition of elements. 
(2) Classification of elements. 

a. Propositions as regards rank — 1. Principal. 2. Subordinate. 

[Similar, Dissimilar.] 

b. Connectives: Definition, classes. 
1. Co-ordinate — Definition, classes. 

(1) Copulative— " and." 



4S 

(2) Adversative — "but." 

(3) Alternative — " or" or "nor." 
2. Subordinate — Definition, classes. 

■ (1) Connecting substantive clauses. 

(2) Connecting adjective clauses. 

(3) Connecting adverbial clauses. 
c. Members. (1) Definition. 

(2) Kinds — simple, complex, compound. 
3. Classification of sentences not simple: 

(1) Complex — definition. 

(2) Compound — definition. 

Sentences: Declarative, interrogative, imperative, exclamatory, mixed.' 

1. Then the Lord answered Job out of the whirlwind. 2. Did Dr. Kane 
have hopes of reaching the north pole? 3. This fine, old mansion was not 
build by the King's father. 4. Thou shalt have no other gods before me. 
5. The lesson must be learned. 6. Boast not thyself of tomorrow. 7. Set a 
high price on your leisure moments. 8. What of that? 9. Wealth, birth 
and official station may and do secure to their possessor an eternal, superficial 
courtesy. 10. All is finished! 11. How vast is that infinite debt! 12. Love 
your enemies. 13. Give us this day our daily bread. 14. Go thou in peace. 
15. Excuse me, please. 16. Shoulder arms. 17. Thou shalt not kill. 
18. "Banished from Rome! What's banished but set free 

From daily contact with the things I loathe? 

Tried and convicted traitor! Who says this? 

Who'll prove it at his peril on my head? 

Banished! I thank you for it. I break my chain. 

I held some slack allegiance till this hour, 

But now my sword's my own. Smile on my lords!" 
19. Give me the ax and I will cut down the tree. 20. Tell me, what shall be 
the fate of this handful of adventurers. 21. Tell me, politicians, how long 
did the little colony languish. 22. So thought Palmyra, but where is she? 

Elements: Principal or essential, subordinate and independent. 
1. I remember the stone bridge. 2. I must stand for a minute on the 

1 4 2 1 2 

bridge. 3. How long, O Catiline, wilt thou abuse our patience? 4. O, I have 
passed a miserable night. 5. On this mighty tide the black ships are carried 
along to the great city near its mouth. 6. The Floss hurries along between its 
green banks to the* sea. 7. My lords, you are impatient for the sacrifice. 

I 2 

8. No, I am no emissary. 9. Alas, Troy thought so once. 10. The chill 

1 2 2 

damp season adds a charm to the trimly-kept, comfortable house. 11. The, 



44 

water flows around the bridge and over the bar. 12. Every thought of the 

i 

intellect, every motion of the heart, every word of the tongue, every act 

I I i 

performed is a seed whose good or evil fruit will be the bliss or bane of 

after life. 13. Now abideth faith, hope, charity. 

Elements: Word, Phrase, Clause. 

1. John . . . saws . . . wood. 2. Diligent . . . study . . . always . . . 
produces . . . results. 3. A beautiful face is a silent commendation. 
4. There is Boston, and Concord, and Lexingtou, and Bunker Hill. 

For special drill on word elements, see uses of nouns, adjectives and adverbs, 
in first and second year's work; also participles and infinitives, in sixth term's 
work. 

5. The flames arose [on every side.] 6. The crew deserted the ship [in a 
moment] [of peril.] 7. At length .Moscow with its domes and towers and 
palaces appeared in sight. 8. For hours over burning ruins, through clouds 
of rolling smoke, and between walls of fire, he pressed on. 9. [In this 
extreme weather,] Dr. Kane journeyed [on foot] northward [twelve miles] 
[a day,] 10. Once [on a time] [a great many, many years ago] there lived 
somewhere iu the northern part of Indiana, near South Bend, a little jelly- 
fish. 

1. The place ichich knows him now shall know him no more forever. 
2, Darius, who could be easily distinguished, was attacked by Alexander. 3. A 
man takes the shape of what Jieis always looking at. 4. Whatman can divine 
what lux neighbors think? 5. The children looked around in high glee when they 
came to the basket. 6. When the robbers had stolen the mouey, they set fire 
to the house. 3. Come, if you hear me. 8. Do as you are told. 

Elements: 1. Substantive — subjective, objective, attributive. 

1. John saws •wood. 2. To kill these birds is to destroy one 
I s " I 

source of great delight. 3. For me to die is gain. 4. Stealing is taking 

I i 

without liberty. 5. Columbus discovered America. 6. Thnt the garden of 

i 
Eden was situated near the Euphrates is believed by many. 7. 3Iany believe 

I 
that the Garden of Eden was situated near the Euphrates. 8. The prevailing 

3 

belief is that the Garden of Eden was situated near the Euphrates. 9. I do 
not know where she has gone. 10. Where tue robbers entered the town is 
still uncertain. 11. Why he refused to enter the arena is now known. 
12. Whither I go ye know. 13. Whom such a man opposes, with whose hap- 
piness he interferes, whom his ambition destroys, are questions soon decided. 
14. That man shall not live by bread alone, are words of wisdom. 



4S 

15. And his disciples say unto him, whence should we have so much bread in 
the wilderness? 16. Some say thou art John the Baptist. 17. A voice said, 
" Let there be light." 18. Politeness is to do and say the kindest things in the 
kindest way. 19. Give and spend and God will send, is an old maxim. 
20. "Little by little," said a thoughtful boy. 21. Under the tree the farmer 
said, smiling and shaking his wise old head, " Cherries are ripe." 22. Giving 
to the poor is lending to the Lord. 

Elements: 2, adjective, 3 adverbial. 

1. People who live in glass houses, should not throw stones. 2. He that is 
surety for a stranger stall smart for it. 3. He is a poor workman that quar- 
rels with his tools. 4. The Greeks, who answered with a shout, begged him 
to lead on. 5. Many young men whose hopes are radiant as the colors of the 
rainbow, fail to distinguish themselves. 6. The proud man compares himself 
with those whom he considers below him. 7. The humble man admires 
others for those things in which they surpass him. 8. A man takes the shape 
of what he is always looking at. 9. He does much who does well what he 
has to do. 10. It is the early bird that catches the worm. 11. I remember 
what was said. 12. It is the silence of the wilderness which most impresses 
me. 13. Ye know not what ye ask. 14. I lay reflecting on the assertion of 
science that the mountains were the first to rise out of the Profound. 15. I 
am sure that is not the best. 16. I am certain [of the fact] that the boat has 
arrived. 17. I am conscious that all is lost. 18. As many as came were bap- 
tized. 19. Such as love me will keep my commandments. 20. As many as 
heard him were convinced by his arguments. 21. He did not regard such as 
had forfeited their allegience. 22. "Whosoever will save his life shall lose it. 
23. By innocent pleasures, I mean such as shall excite moderately; such as pro- 
duce a cheerful frame of mind, not boisterous mirth; such as refresh instead 
of exhaust the system; such as send us back to our daily duties invigorated in 
body and spirit. 24. Whatever is right I will give you. 

1. When there is a will there is a way. 2. Don't count your chickens be- 
fore they are hatched. 3. If wishes were horses beggars might ride. 4. I 
shall not go unless the day is pleasant. 5. Study if you would learn. 6. A 
jet black .cloud unrolled itself as a battery unlimbers for battle. 7. If it be 
thou, bid me to come to thee on the water. 8. It was a pleasant hill-side 
where I worked. 9. I could look out on the open field where pines and hick- 
ories were springing up. 10. This is the spot where the hero fell. 11. Seeing 
a multitude he went up into a mountain. 12. Is this a daggar which I see be- 
fore me? 13. The child sleeps while the mother sings. 

14. When Freedom from her mountain height 

Unfurled her banner to the air, 

She tore the azure robe of night, 

And set the stars of glory there. 

15. As I suppressed my gladness I was startled by a loud cry from my guide 

16. While we hesitated, a huge fragment of the building heaved and fell. 



46 

Propositions: principal, subordinate; similar, dissimilar. 
Members: complex, compound. 
Connections; co-ordinate, subordinate. 

1. [The Lord is my shepherd |; [I shall not want. J 

T~ T 3 T 2 2 

2. It is noble to seek truth and it is beautiful to find it. 3. Charity suffereth 

long and is kind; charity envieth not; charity vaunteth not itself. 
4. The bad news quickly reached the deck, 
It spread from lip to lip; 
And ghastly faces everywhere 
Looked from the doomed ship. 

5. Be of good cheer; it is I; be not afraid. 

6. Love your enemies; bless them that curse you; do good to them that hate 

you; pray for them that despitefully use you. 

7. Errors like straws upon the surface flow; 

He who would search for pearls must dive below. 

8. He who lacks time to mourn, lacks time to mend. 

9. At his touch, crowns crumbled, beggars reigned, systems vanished; and 

all that was venerable, and all that was novel, changed places with the 
rapidity of a dream. 10. Human nature is always the same, but party 
spirit changes almost every ten years. 11. Talent is something but tact 
is everything. 12. Aspects vary and circumstances alter, but the active 
principle is ever consistent with itself. 13. It was neither the voice of 
God nor yet that of the people. 14. He will not always chide, neither 
will he keep his anger forever. 15. He hath not dealt with us after our 
sins, nor rewarded us according to our iniqities. 16. We must either obey 
or be punished. 17. He feared when there was no danger, and when 
there was no sorrow, he wept. 

Idiomatic Construction of Sentences. 

Modifications of the regular construction of sentences are of two kinds: 
ellipsis securing brevity in simple and compound constructions, and abridge- 
ment in complex. 

Ellipsis. 

I. When the members of a compound sentence have the same subject, predi- 
cate or object, they may be changed to simple sentences having compound 
subjects, predicates or objects by omitting repeated parts. 

(1) John studies arithmetic and Harry studies arithmetic. 

(2) John studies arithmetic and John recites arithmetic. 

(3) John studies arithmetic and John studies grammar. 

(1) John and Harry study arithmetic. 

(2) John studies and recites arithmetic. 



47 

(3) John studies arithmetic and grammar; or all parts may be compound. 

(4) John and Harry study and recite arithmetic and grammar. 

II. Simple sentences and the clauses of complex sentences are often contracted 
by retaining only the most important part, or those that necessarily 
might imply the rest. 

1. Quick! 2 Be quiet! 3. Peace! 4. Let us have peace. 5. Will you 
excuse me? 6. No. 7. Yes. 6 and 7 are the contracted equivalents of 
"I will not excuse you," and '1 will excuse you." 8. I am going home. 
9. Why? 10. Why are you going home? 

III. In construing an elliptical proposition, follow as far as possible the pre- 
vious construction . 

IV. Supply only such parts as are necessarily implied. 

1. This report if [it be] true, will prevent our journey. 2. Remarkable 
if true. 3. Though poor, he is honest. 4. "Honest but poor," was the 
reply. 5. Do all the work, if possible. 6. Do it as soon as possible. 
7. He reads as [he would read] if he had a cold. 8. He is not as tall as 
you [are tall]. 9. Your pencil is not as sharp as mine [is sharp]. 10. 
He replied as if he had been a lawyer. 11. He is not so wise as you. 
12. He is as strong as Sampson. 13. He cared for her as [much as he 
could have cared for her, for he could not care for her more] though she 
had been his own sister. 14. I have more butter than bread. 15. Harry 
writes better than his brother. 16. There is no hat larger than John's. 
17. He is poor but honest. 18. Even though vanquished, he could argue 
still. 19. Happiness is deceitful as the calm that precedes the hurricane 
and beautiful as the rainbow. 20. When unsought, she is often found; 
when unexpected, often obtained. 21. It shook the sear leaves from the 
wood as if a storm passed by. 22. While walking rapidly she saw something 
glisten beside the path. 23. Though seemingly unconscious, she under- 
stood all that was said. 24. John is not as tall as his father. 25. Hu- 
man happiness has no perfect security but freedom; freedom none but 
virtue; virtue none but knowledge. 

Abridgement. 

Brevity in complex constructions is secured by abridging the subordinate 
proposition. » 

The subordinate contains (1) connective, (2) subject, (3) asserting word, 
(4) attribute. 

(1) The connective is seldom retained except in incorporated interrogative 

sentences. 

(2) When the subject is retained, it has the nominative absolute, the possessive 

or objective case. 



48 

(3) The verb is changed to a participle or an infinitive., and when retained it 

is used — 

a. With the attribute, to give it a verbal form. I know him to be honest. 

b. Adjectively, with a substantive in the principal proposition. 

c. Adjectively, with the nominative absolute. 

d. Substantively. 

e. Adverbially. 

(4) The attribute in the abridged proposition, when it is an adjective or a 

participle, is retained as an adjective, or an adverbial element or an at- 
tributive object. 

When the attribute is a substantive, it is retained in the predicate nominative 
absolute or in the objective case. 

Forms of Abridgement. 1. Participial construction. 2. Nominative abso- 
lute. 3. Participial noun. 4. Infinitive forms. 

Rule I. The subject in an abridged proposition is in the nominative abso- 
lute with a participle, when its case depends upon no other word. 

Rule II. A noun or pronoun used as the attribute in an abridged propo- 
sition, after the participle or infinitive of the copula, must agree in case 
with the subject, * 

Except (1) When the subject is dropped, or 

(2) When it is changed to the possessive; it 
then remains predicate nominative absolute. 

1. The man who saw the occurrence, reported it. 2. Because the occurrence 
was a disgrace, he reported it. 3. Because the occurrence was unfortunate he 
reported it. 4. That the man should see the occurrence was fortunate. 5. He 
went that he might see the occurrence. 6. I know what I may do. 7. I know 
when I may go. 8. I know that he was a ready writer. 9. That he was a 
ready writer, procured his election. 10. When the boy reached the house all 
was confusion. 11. We consider that he is responsible. 12. We believe that 
he is a scholar. 

Abridged. 1. The man seeing the occurrence, reported it. 2. The occur- 
rence being a disgrace, he reported it. 3. The occurrence being unfortunate 
he reported it. 4. For the man to see the occurrence was fortunate. 5. The 
man's seeing the occurrence, was fortunate. 6. He went to see the occurrence. 
7. I know what to do. 8. I know when to go. 9. I know him to be a ready 
writer. 10. His being a ready writer procured his election. 11. Being a 
ready writer procured his election. 12. On the boy's reaching the house all 
was confusion. 13. We consider him a scholar. 14. We believe him to be a 
scholar. 15. We consider him as being a scholar. 16. We consider him as a 
scholar. 17. We believe him responsible. 18. We consider him as being 
responsible. 



49 

1. Having reduced the island to servitude, the French withdrew their forces. 
2. The ten years fixed by the treatv having expired, the English were unwilling 
to continue the arrangement. 3. Mithridates founded a line of kings, he him- 
self being the first king of that name. 4. Such being the condition of the 
Athenians, they were forced at last to open their gates. 5. Demetrius being 
still a youth, he had a companion who was always in attendance on him. 
6. The two generals, being friends and companions in earlier times, embraced 
warmly. 7. Alexander made up his mind to conquer India. 8. While fight- 
ing, King Porus rode one of his largest elephants, but he being such an enor- 
mous man, the proportion was about the same as that between a man of 
medium height and a horse. 9. The elephant being an intelligent animal, took 
great care of his master during the battle; several times preventing him from 
falling off, and at the close, kneeling down slowly and with his trunk pulling 
out every dart sticking in the King's body. 

1 . While walking rapidly on the ice he slipped and fell. 2. He is accus- 
tomed to close his eyes while telling a story. 3. He reads the papers while 
eating his breakfast. 4. After singing a hymn, they went out. 5. After 
riding several hundred miles, we reached Calcutta. 

Abridged Propositions. 

Alexander, hearing that the ten Persian philosophers captured by him, were 
remarkable for the answers they were always able to give even to the most 
obscure questions, determined to try their wisdom. He announced that he 
would cause to be slain the one who should be judged to answer worst, and 
after him all the rest. The oldest man among them was appointed to be judge. 

" Which are the more numerous the living or the dead?" the King is said 
to have asked of the first. 

" The living, for the dead have ceased to exist." was the reply. 

He ordered another to tell him what argument he used to persuade Sabbas to 
revolt. 

The reply was " That he should strive either to live or to die nobly." 

" What should a man do to be exceedingly belovedV the King asked again. 
" He must be very powerful without making himself too much feared," was 
the reply. 

" How is it possible for a man to become a god?" was asked of another. 
" By doing what is impossible for men to do" replied tne philosopher. 

Then turning to the judge, Alexander ordered him to pass sentence. The 
old man said, " In my opinion, each has answered worse than the other." 
Then thou art condemned to die first for giving such a sentence," said Alexander. 

" Not so, O King, unless you said falsely that he should die first who made 
the worst answer" returned the old man. 

The King was so amused that he ordered many presents to be given them, 
and sent them away. 

Absolute Cases. Forms of Abridgement. 

This fable relates the story of Perseus. Dispatched from the East by Pallas, 
he was to cut off the head of Medusa she being justly ahJiorred for committing 
great ravages upon the people of the West. This Medusa being so dire a 
monster, those looking upon her were turned into stone. She was a Gorgon, 
the only mortal one of the three, the other two being invulnerable. Preparing 
himself for this grand enterprise, Perseus had presents made him from three 
of the gods; Mercury giving him wings for his heels, Pluto a helmet, and Pallas 
a shield and mirror. Being now well equipped, he first turned aside to the 
Greai, these creatures being half sisters to the Gorgons. They were gray- 
headed and from their birth, like old women, having among them all three but 
one eye and one tooth, which on goina; out, they each wore by turns, laying 
them down again on coming back. This eye and this tooth being lent to Perseus 
he now judged himself sufficiently furnished, and without stopping further, 



so 

flew swiftly away to Medusa finding her asleep. Without venturing his eyes 
and fearing she would awake, he turned his head aside and viewed her in 
Pallas' mirror. Thus directing his stroke, he cut off her head. Immediately 
from the gushing blood, there darted Pegasus winged. Perseus inserting 
Medusa's head into Pallas' shield, it retained the power of astonishing and 
benumbing all who looked upon it. 

I. Connectives: co-ordinate. 

1. Parts of Speech, — conjunctions. 

2. Kinds: 

a. Copulative conjunctions are— 

(1) Principal — "and." . 

(2) Associate copulative connectives, used for emphasis or some 

additional idea, — so, also, likewise, moreover, too, besides, now. 

(3) Correlative co-ordinate connectives, not only awaken an ex- 

pectation of something additional, but make the second 
part emphatic. Both, and, as well as, first, secondly, etc. 

b. Adversative connectives. 

(1) Principal adversative, "but." 

(2) Associate adversative used for empbasis or some additional 

idea, — yet. still, nevertheless, notwithstanding, however. 

(3) Correlative Adversatives, — not only — but; but also; but likeicisc. 

c. Alternative co-ordinate connectives. 

(1) Principal, — " or" which offers, " nor" which denies a choice. 

(2) Associate alternatives for emphasis, — else, otherwise. 

(3) Correlatives, — either — or, neither — nor. 

d. Illatives imply consequence or inference. 

(1) Principal connective usually understood, " and." 

(2) Associate connectives indicating inference, — hence, thence, 

therefore, tcherej ore, consequently \ accordingly, as, etc. 

II. Connectives: subordinate. 

1. Definition. 

2. Classification. 

[1] Connecting substantive clauses. 

a. Connecting statements, [conjunctions] that, that not, but, but not. 

b. Containing questions [interrogative adjectives, adverbs and pro- 

nouns] — which, what, who, where, whither, ichence, when, 

how long, hem often, why, how. 
[2] Connecting adjective clauses, [relative pronouns, relative 
adverbs] — who, which, what, that; whoever, whosoever; whichever, 
whichsoever; when, where, why, 

[3J Connecting adverbial clauses, [conjunctions, conjunctive 
adverbs.] 

a. Local, or connectives of place, — where, whither, whence, etc. 

b. Temporal, or connectives expressing time, — when, while, as, 

before , after, till, until, since, whenever, soon as, etc. 



c. Causal : 

(1) Causal, — because, J 'or , as, since, etc. 

(2) Conditional, — if, unless except, provided tJiat. 

(3) Final, — that, thai not, lest, so that, such that. 

(4) Concessive, — though, although, notwithstanding, however, 

whatever, with their correlatives, yet, still, nevertheless. 

d. Manner or degree : (1) Correspondence,— just as, sume as, 

such as; (2) Comparison — 

1. Equality, — as — as. 

2. Inequality, — than, more than, less than. 

3. Proportionate equality, — the — the, the— so much the. 
Co-ordinate Connectives. 

1. Wine is a mocker, strong drink is raging. 2. He requires notsacrifice, else 
would I give it. 3. Caesar was not only a great warrior, but he was also a 
great writer. 4. The elephant has a rouijh coat; he has likewise a thick skin. 
5. Day is the time for labor as well a« a time for rest. 6. He who is unjust to 
himself, breaks a law as well as he who hurts his neighbor. 7. Great men 
have ever been men of thought as well as men of action. 8. The lion is compara- 
tively small, yet he is called the king of beasts. 9. Stephen the martyr was 
stoned by the Jews, yet he died praying for them. 10. Pupils must be diligent, 
otherwise much time is lost. 11. The horse is not only a useful animal but his 
intelligence makes him a great favorite. 12. Time is precious, yet it is often 
allowed to run to waste. 13. The country is rich in material for building, 
nevertheless the inhabitants live intents. 14. I did once aspire to be queen 
not only of Palmyra but of the East. 15. You may know your queen not 
only by her acts but by her admitted principles. 16. The King was sorry, never- 
theless he commanded it to be given her. 17. Ignorance has no light, but error 
follows a false one. 18. We must either build an embankment or suffer the 
overflow. 19. He will either love the one and hate the other or else he will 
hold to the one and despise the other. 20, Either keep still or leave the room. 
21. The heart needs neither hymn nor prayer to express its emotion. 22. This 
man is intemperate in his habits, therefore he does not succeed in business. 
23. The weather was unfavorable, accordingly we deferred our visit. 24. My 
pen is poor therefore I cannot write. 25. He reached the station two minutes 
behind time, therefore he missed the train. 26. The harvest is abundant, there- 
fore will we rejoice. 27. Harrison received the largest number of votes, 
accordingly he was declared president. 28. Wisdom is the principal thing, 
therefore get wisdom. 29. He is risen from the dead and therefore mighty 
works do show forth themselves in him. 

[1] Subordinate Connective. Substantive Clauses. 

1. I know that the harvest is passed. 2. That you have wronged him doth 
appear in this. 3. I have been told that you wronged him. 4. Why he was 
so anxious does not appear. 5. The truth is that the harvest is passed. 6. I 
look upon the past and ask, Whom have I wronged? What province have I 
oppressed, what city pillaged, what region drained with taxes? 7 I ask, 
Whose life have I unjustly taken, whose rights have I assailed? 8. How long 
he dwelt in that city, or when or why he left it cannot now be determined. 
9. Whoever heard the story repeated it. 10. The conqueror seized whatever 
was valuable. 11. He informed us that the boat had arrived. 12. I am sure 
[of the fact] that the boat had arrived. 13. I am certain that the boat had 
arrived. 14. I won. 






82 

[2] Connectives joining adjective clauses. 

1. I do not know the man who brought the package. 2. The student whose 
heart is in his work, need not fear. 3. This is not the person whom I saw on 
the train. 4. He promised to give whatever she should ask. 5. This is the 
place where the arrow fell. 6. Little he'll reck if they let him sleep on in the 
grave where a Briton has laid him. 7. This is the time when all nature seems 
at rest. 8. I am glad that I can assist you. 9. You may be sure that I will 
do what I can. 10. I am conscious that I often fail. 11. I am positive that 
it is true. 12. He seems glad that you are here. [For other connectives see 
" Clause Elements."] 
[3] Connectives joining adverbial clauses. 

For connectives expressing time and place see " Clause Elements. " 
Causal: causal, conditional, final, concessive. 

1. This man does not succeed in business because he is intemperate. 2. We 
deferred'our visit as the weather was unfavorable. 3. He missed the train for 
he was ten minutes behind time. 4. Get wisdom, since wisdom is the princi- 
pal thing. 5. Inasmuch as ye did it unto one of the least of these, ye did it 
unto me. 
Conditional. 

1. If he study he will excel. (Both propositions affirmative. ) 2. He will 
not excel if he study too long. (One proposition affirmative.) 3. He will excel 
if he does not study too long. (One affirmative.) 4. He will not excel unless 
he study. (Both propositions negative.) 5. Should he study, he will excel. 
6. He will not excel, should he study too long. 7. He will excel should he 
not study too long. 8. He will not excel unless he study. 9. Provided (that) 
he arrive in time, all will be well. 10. Except ye repent, ye shall all likewise 
perish. 11. On condition that he arrive in time, all will be well. 12. In case 
that he arrive in time, etc. 13. It never rains but it pours. 14. Throw away 
all dreams of superiority unless you are determined to dig for knowledge. 
15. The grain will not grow, unless the soil be good. 
Final: (1) of purpose, (2) of result. 

Causal; — Because the weather was unfavorable {reason or motive preceding 
tlie act) we deferred our visit. 

Final; 1. We deferred our visit (to the end or for the purpose following the act) 
that we might have more favorable weather. 2. Affirmative, Do this that ye 
may remember me. 3. Negative, — Do this that ye forget me not. 4. Do this 
lest ye forget me. 5. I arose early that I might behold the glory of the 
mountains. 6. Judge not that ye be not judged. 7. Withdraw thy foot from 
thy neighbor's house, lest he weary of thee. 8. Study that you fail not in 
your recitations. 9. Pray for them that persecute you that you may be the 
children of your Father who is in Heaven. 10. I will not send them away 
fasting lest they faint in the way. 11. I have spoken that you may know 
your queen. 

(2) Of result. 1. Laziness travels so slowly (the result is) that poverty soon 
overtakes him. 2. The lesson is such that I cannot learn it. 3. Spin the 



53 

waste, white down of the cotton, that in place of idle litter, there may be 
folded webs. 4. Greene dealt Cornwallis such a staggering blow at Guilford 
that he was compelled to a precipitate flight. 5. He is so generous to others 
that he has nothing for himself. 

Concessive Connectives. 

1. Though he slay me, (concedes something in opposition to the statement 
made in the principal or adversative proposition) yet will I trust in him. 

2. Whatever aptitude nature may give her children, yet she conducts none 
but the laborious to distinction. 3. Whether there be tongues, they shall' 
cease; whether there be knowledge, it shall vanish away. 4. Though the mills 
of God grind slow, they grind exceeding small; though with patience he 
stands waiting, with exactness grinds he all. 5. Though I speak with the 
tongue of men and angels and have not charity, I am become as a sounding 
brass or a tinkling cymbal. 6. However penitent he may be, sentence will be 
pronounced. 7. Notwithstanding his penitence, sentence will be pronounced. 
8. Although he may be penitent still sentence will be pronounced. 9. Young 
as he was, and cheerless as were his prospects, he resolved to surmount every 
obstacle. 10. Notwithstanding his haughty independence, yet he is a devout 
hero-worshiper. 11. Brave as he is, he will vent his passion by a secret stab 
rather than an open blow. 

Connectives expressing Manner or Degree: (1) Correspondence, 

(2) Comparison. 

1. Just as the twig is bent the trees incline. 2. Turn as I turn. 3. Come 

as the winds come. 4. Do as you are told. 5. This lesson is the same as 

Friday's. 6. One feels as if the very air was God. 7. The water is as pure as 

crystal. 8. Here was an exhibition of power and grandeur such as one seldom 

beholds. 

(2) Comparison: (1) equality, (2) inequality, (3) proportionate equality. 

(1) 1. He is as tall as I. 2. He is as old as his father was twenty years ago. 

3. He loves John as well as me. 4. He loves John as well as I. 5. The 
Indian's intellect is as peculiar as his moral organization. 6. As much should 
be taken as will satisfy thirst. 

(2) 1. The child ate more than was for his good. 2. He is older than his 
brother. 3. Is he greater than our father Jacob? 4. The flight of time is not 
really more rapid at one moment than another. 5. More to be desired are 
they than gold, yea, than much fine gold; sweeter also than honey and the 
honey comb. 6. More fail for lack of wisdom than for lack of knowledge. 
7. Caesar was more ambitious than Cicero. 8. He who is unjust to himself, 
or less than just, breaks a law as well as he who hurts his neighbor. 9. If I 
am more than just to myself, rebuke me. 10. There is one virtue which 
should be cultivated more than another. 

(3) 1. The less you say the better they will like it. 

X ~3~ I 2 X 12 3 

2. The more the merrier. 3. The least said the soonest mended. 4. She is as 
discreet as she is beautiful. 5. The more we argued the less was he inclined 
to grant our request. 6. The more I see him the better I like him. 



54 

Analysis op Paragraphs. 

1. Definition. See Greene's Analysis. 

2. Parts. \a\ Sentences grammatically co-ordinate whose connection is 
often shown by simple succession. Logically one sentence expresses the theme 
and the others are subordinate to it. 

[b\ Connective grammatically co-ordinate. The logical connection is 
shown by words and phrases having the nature of co-ordinate connectives. 

3. Analysis, [«] Point out the sentence expressing the theme, [b] Point 
out the logical relation of other sentences to it, as descriptive of the theme, 
restatement of the theme with changes; also as expressing an expansion, ex- 
planation, confirmation, illustration, limitation or refutation of the statement 
in leading sentence. Other sentences may express a comparison with, or a 
conclusion or inference from the theme, [c] If not shown by simple succes- 
sion point out the word or phrase which shows this relation, as, again, once 
again, therefore, for this reason, in other words, to explain, to resume, on the 
contrary, finally, in short, to sum up, in conclusion, by the teay, etc. 

4. Classification of /Sentences. 

[1] Use — declarative, etc. 

[2] As regards Structure— Simple, complex, compound, 
naming the members, propositions, clauses and con- 
nectives. 

[3] Point out the abridged forms— Participial construction, nomina- 
tive absolute, participial noun, infinitive forms. 

f4J As regards arrangement — [«] Introduced by the idiomatic there, 
[b] it, [c\ transposition, \d] ellipsis. 

[5] Analysis of propositions composing the sentences. 

[6] Parsing of words, etymologically and syntactically. 



Definitions. First Term's Work. 

I. Sentences. 

1. Definition. — A group of words used to express a thought is called a 
sentence. 

2. Kinds: 

(1) A group of words used to state something is called a statement. 

(2) A group of words used to ask a question is called an inquiry. 

(3) A group of words used to order somethiug to be done is called a 

command. 

3. How written. 

a. A statement and a command should be commenced witi a capital letter 

and finished with a period. 

b. An inquiry should be commenced with a capital letter and finished with 

a question mark. 
Should it be best to give the terms, declarative, interrogative, imperative 
and exclamatory the definition may be changed accordingly.] 



85 

4. Parts of Sentences. 

(1) The word or words which represent what we are talking about is call- 

ed the subject of the sentence. 

(2) The word or words which represent what is said of the subject, is 

called the predicate of the sentence. 
II. Nouns. 

1. Definition. A word used as a name is called a noun. 

2. Uses. 

(1) A noun may be used as the subject of the sentence. 

(2) A noun may be used in the predicate and mean the same as the subject. 

(3) A noun may be used as the name of a particular person, time or 

place. [Such a noun should begin with a capital letter.] 

(4) A noun may be used to distinguish. 

(5) A noun may be used as the name of the party commanded or addressed. 

(6) A noun may be used to denote possession. 

(7) A noun may be used as the object of a verb. 

(8) A noun may be used as the object of a preposition. 

III. Adjectives. 

1. Definition. A word used to modify the application of a noun is called an 
adjective. 

2. Uses. (1) An adjective may be used to show what is stated. 

(2) " " "to express quality. 

(3) " " " " action. 

(4) " " " " number. 

(5) " " " " the name of a particular 

person or place. [An adjective so used should begin with 

a capital letter.] 

IV. Verbs. 

1. Definition. A word used to assert is a verb. 

2. Uses. Some verbs express what is asserted; others only assert. 

V. Verbal Words. 

1. Definition. A word that expresses action, state or existence is called a 
Verbal Word. 

2. Uses. (1) A verbal word may be used as the subject of the sentence. 

(2) A verbal word may be used to modify the application of a 

noun. 

(3) A verbal word may be used in the predicate to express what 

is stated. 

VI. Adverbs. 

1. Definition. A word used to modify the application of a verb, a verbal 
word, an adjective— or another adverb— is an adverb. 

2. Uses. An adverb may be used to show how, wlien and ichere an action is 

performed. 

VII. Preposition and its Object. 

1. Definition. A word placed before another word to show the relation of 



56 

the object or action named by that word, to an object or action named by an- 
other word in the same sentence is a preposition . [These words are called 
prepositions because pre means before, and position means placed,] 

2. Uses. (1) A preposition and its object may be used to show how, tchy, 
when or where an action is performed, and limit the application of a verb. 

(2) A preposition and its object may be used to limit the application of a 
noun. 

VIII. Conjunctions. 

1. Definition. A word used to connect parts of a sentence is called a eon- 
junction. 

IX. Interjection. 

1. Definition. Words used to express fear, anger, joy, pain, surprise and 
sorrow are said to express emotion, and are called emotion word/8. Since an 
emotion word may be placed anywhere in connection with the sentence, it is 
called an interjection. 

2. How written. An exclamation point may lie placed after the interjection, 
and a period at the close of >he sentence; or an exclamation point may be 
placed at the close of the sentence, and the interjection separated from the rest 
of the sentence by a comma or commas. 



Definitions. Third Term's Work. 

I. Personal Pronoun. 
Introductory conversation. 

(1) Sentences are either spoken or written. Spoken sentences have a 

speaker, a hearer and something to speak about. 
.Written sentences have a writer, a reader and something to write about. 

(2) In connection with all sentences there are three parties. 
When the parties are represented. 

(1) The third party is represented in every sentence. 

(2) The first and second parties are represented when they are the 

third par'3 r . 
Why the parties are represented differently. 

(1) These parties are represented differently to show the relation 

between the speaker and the party spoken of. 

(2) The relation between the speaker and the party spoken of is 

called person. 

1. Definition. These words which represent the parties and take the place 
of nouns are called pronouns. 

Because these pronouns show person, they are called personal pronouns. 
[The noun whose place the pronoun takes is called its antecedent.] 

2. Uses— Similar to those of the noun. See first term's work. 

3. Properties and Relations. 

a. Person. (1) The relation between the speaker and party spoken of is 
person. 



57 

(2) Kinds, (a) A personal pronoun which shows that the speaker is the 

party spoken of has the first person. 

(b) A personal pronoun which shows that the speaker speaks to the 

party spoken of has the second person. 

(c) A personal pronoun which shows that the first parly speaks of the 

third party has the third person. 

(3) Personal pronouns show person by their form. 

(4) Personal pronouns agree with their antecedents in form. 

6. Number. (1) Definition. That property of a (noun or) personal pro- 
noun which denotes one object or more than one object is called 
number. 

(2) Kinds, (a) A (noun or) personal pronoun which denotes one object, 

has the singular number. 
(b) A (noun or) personal pronoun which denotes more than one object 
has the plural number. 

(3) Personal pronouns show number by their form. 

(4) Personal pronouns agree with their antecedents in number. 

e. Gender. (1) Definition. That property of a (noun or) personal pro- 
noun which denotes the sex named by the noun or personal pro- 
noun is called gender. 

(2) Kinds, (a) A (noun or) personal pronoun which denotes a male 

object has the masculine gender. 

(b) A (noun or) personal pronoun which denotes a female object, has 

the feminine gender. 

(c) A (noun or) personal pronoun which denotes an object that is 

neither male nor female has neuter gender. 

(d) A (noun or) pergonal pronoun which denotes an object either male 
or female has common gender. 

(3) Personal pronouns in the third person singular show gender by their 

form. 

(4) Personal pronouns agree with their antecedents in gender. 

d. Case. (1) Definition. The relation a (noun or) personal pronoun has 
to other words in the same sentence is called case. 
(2) Kinds, (a) A (noun or) personal pronoun which has the relation of 
subject or predicate (attribute) has the nominative case. 

(b) A (noun or) personal pronoun which has the relation of possession 

has the possessive case. 

(c) A (noun or) personal pronoun which has the relation of object— of 

verb, verbal word or preposition — has objective case. 
[A noun or personal pronoun used to distinguish, has the relation 
of apposition to the noun or pronoun which it limits.] 

(d) A (noun or) personal pronoun having the relation of apposition, 

has the same case as the noun or pronoun which it limits. 

(e) A noun used as the name of. the party commanded or addressed is 

independent of Jcase or has no case. 



68 

(3) ..Personal pronouns show case by their form. 
(4) Personal pronouns do not agree with their antecedents in case. 
II. Nouns. 

1. Definition. See first term's work. 

2. Uses. See first term's work. 

3. Kinds. (1) Common, (2) proper, (3) collective, (4) abstract, and 

(5) verbal. See grammars for definitions. 

4. Properties and Relations. See the definitions given of the properties and 

relations in personal pronouns, which are common to both. See 
grammar. 

5. Rules for nouns and personal pronouns. 

I. A personal pronoun agrees with its antecedent in person, number and 

gender. 

II. A noun or personal pronoun having relation of subject or predicate 

has the nominative case. 

III. A noun 5 or personal pronoun having relation of possession has the 

possessive case. 

IV. A noun or personal pronoun having relation of object has the 

objective case. 

V. A noun or personal pronoun having relation of apposition has the 

same case as the noun which it limits. 

VI. A noun which is the name of the party commanded or addressed is 

independent of case or has no case. 

6. Declensions of nouns and personal pronouns. See grammar. 

III. Adjectives. 

1. Definition. See first term's work. 

2. Uses. See first term's work. 

3. Kinds. (1) An adjective which expresses quality is a qualifying 

adjective. 

(2) "An adjective which expresses action is a verbal adjective. 

(3) An adjective which expresses a definite number is a numeral 

adjective. 

(4) An adjective used merely to limit is a limiting adjective. 

(5) An adjective which simply extends the application of a noun is an 

extending adjective. 

(6) A limiting or extending adjective used without its noun is a 

pronominal adjective. 

4. Degrees of Comparison. 

(1) Definition. The changes of the adjective which show that objects 

have been compared with each other in regard to the same quality 
are called degrees of comparison. 

(2) Kinds, (a) An adjective in its simple form expressing quality has the 

positive degree of comparison. 
(&X An adjective which shows that one object has been compared with 
another in regard to the same quality, and that one posseses more 



69 

or less of that quality than the other has the comparative degree 
of comparison, 
(c) An adjective which shows that three or more objects have been com- 
pared with each other in regard to the same quality, and that one 
possesses more or less of that quality than either of the others, 
has the superlative degree of comparison. 
5. How formed. The words more and less and the syllable er are used to 
denote the comparative degree; the words most and least and the 
syllable est, the superlative degree. 

IV. Verbs. 

1. Definition. See first term's work. 

2. Uses. See first term's work. 

3. Classes. 

(1) A verb which expresses its own attribute is an attributive verb. 

(2) A verb which connects the word expressing the attribute to the subject 

is a copulative verb. 

(3) A verb which requires a receiver of the action to complete its meaning 

is a transitive verb. 

(4) A verb which does not require a receiver of the action to complete its 

meaning is an intransitive verb. 

4. Properties and Relations. 

a. Voice. (1) That property of a verb which shows whether the object 
represented by the subject is the actor or receiver of the action is 
called voice. 

(2) A verb which shows that the object represented by the subject is the 

actor, has the active voice. 

(3) A verb which shows that the object represented by the subject is the 

receiver of the action has the passive voice. 
J). Mode. (1) The manner in which the verb asserts the attribute of the 
subject is called mode. 

(2) A verb which asserts the attribute as real or actual has the indicative 

mode. 

(3) A verb which asserts the attribute as a possibility, necessity, permis- 

sion or duty, has the potential mode. 

(4) A verb which asserts the attribute as conditional or doubtful, has the 

subjunctive mode. 

(5) A verb which asserts the attribute as a command, entreaty or permis- 

sion has the imperative mode. 
[Words which are called verbs in the infinitive mode, do not assert, hence 

do not have a manner of asserting or mode. J 
£ Verbal words. A verbal word with the sign " to" is an infinitive. A verbal 
word without the sign "to" is a participle.] 
c Tense. 
A verb which shows the attribute to be past present or future is said to 
show the time of the attribute. 



60 

A verb which asserts the attribute as finished or unfinished or indefinite 
is said to show the state of the attribute. 

(1) Definition. That property of a verb which shows the time and state 

of the attribute is called tense. 

(2) A verb wtiich asserts the attribute as present [past or future] but does 

not show that it is finished has the present tense. 

(3) A verb which asserts the attribute as finished in present [past or 

future] time has the present perfect tense. 
Construct similar definitions for past, past perfect, future and 
future perfect tenses. 
3. Classes, — continued. 

(1) The verb or that part of the verb which expresses the attribute is the 

principal verb. 

(2) The verbs used with the principal verbs to express the grammatical 

properties, are auxiliary verbs. 
Principal Parts. Those forms of the verb used with the auxiliaries in 
constructing the modes and tenses are principal parts. 
The principal parts of a verb are the present indicative, past in- 
dicative, imperfect participle, perfect participle. 

(3) A verb which forms its past indicative and perfect participle by adding 

ed to the present is a regular verb. 

(4) A verb which does not form its past indicative and perfect participle 

by adding ed to the present is an irregular verb. 

(5) A verb which has more than one form for some of its principal parts is 

a redundant verb. 

(6) A verb which has but one form for each of its principal parts is a 

complete verb. 

(7) A verb in which some of the principal parts are wanting is a defective 

verb. 
Person and Number. Verbs have the same number as their subjects 
because they assert about the same number of things that the sub- 
ject represents. 
Verbs have the same person as their subjects since they assert about 
the same relation that their subjects represent. 
Rule. Verbs must agree with their subjects in person and number. 
An arrangement of the verb showing all the modes and tenses with 

one person and number is a synopsis of the verb. 
An arrangement of the verb showing all the modes and tenses with all 
the persons and numbers is conjugation of the verb. 
Forms of Conjugation are the simple, emphatic, passive, progressive,. 
and the ancient or solemn style, either of which may be direct 
or interrogative. 

V. Adverbs. 

1. Definition. See first year's work. 

2. Uses. Adverbs express time, place, manner or degree, inference, number, 

interrogation, addition, emphasis, affirmation, exclusion and doubt. 



61 

They are also used conjunctively. 

[Since clauses and phrases are used as adjectives or adverbs, an adverb 
may be used to modify such a phrase or clause.] 
3. Kinds. 

(1) Adverbs which express time are adverbs of time. 

(2) Adverbs which express place or direction are adverbs of place or 

direction. 

(3) Adverbs which express manner are called adverbs of manner. 

(4) Adverbs which modify the meaning of other adjectives or adverbs are 

adverbs of degree or quantity. 

(5) Adverbs which show the number of times or the order of are adverbs 

of number. 

(6) Adverbs which ask a question are interrogative adverbs. 

(7) An adverb which simply introduces the sentence is an expletive. 

(8) Adverbs which answer a question affirmatively or emphasize an asser- 

tion are adverbs of affirmation or approval. 

(9) Adverbs which answer a question negatively or deny an assertion are 

adverbs of negation. 

(10) Adverbs which imply doubt are adverbs of doubt. 

(11) Adverbs which connect parts of a sentence are conjunctive 

adverbs. 

(12) Adverbs which imply conclusions drawn from previous statements 

are adverbs of inference. 

(13) There are also adverbs of addition, exclusion and em- 

phasis. 
4. Comparison of adverbs. See grammar. 

VI. Pakticiples. 

1. Definition. A verbal word without the sign to is a participle. 

[Only participles having the limitations of the verb are here considered.] 

2. Uses. 

(l)«A"participle having the office of a noun is used substantively. 
The'substantive uses are subjective, objective and attributive. 

(2) A participle performing the office of an adjective is used adjectively. 

(3) A participle performing the office of an adverb is used adverbially. 
(4)^A participle is also used with the auxiliary as a part of the verb. 

[A participle expressing an accompanying act or state belongs logically 
to the subject. 

3. Derivation. Participles are derived from regular or irregular, transitive 

or intransitive verbs. 

4. Kinds. 

(1) Active. A participle which represents its assumed subject as acting is 

an active participle. 

(2) Passive. A participle which represents its assumed subject as receiving 

the'act is a passive participle. 



62 

(3) A participle which does not show that the act or state is either finished 

or unfinished is an Indefinite participle. 

(4) A participle which shows that the act or state is unfinished is an 

imperfect participle. 

(5) A participle which shows that the act or state expressed by it is finished 

is a perfect participle. 
[Properties as compared with verbs. (1) Voice with a difference, as given 
above. (2) Since participles do not assert they have no manner 
of asserting or mode. (3) Tense. Participles do not express time 
therefore there are no present, past or future participles. They 
do show the state of the action hence there are indefinite, imperfect 
and perfect participles. (4) Participles are not limited by a subject 
hence do not have person and number.] 

VII. Infinitives. 

1. Definition. A verbal word with the sign to is an Infinitive. 

[To is omitted after the verbs bid, dare, feel, hear, let, make, need, see 
and their participles, also after please and help.] 

2. Uses. (1) As a noun or substantively, — subject, object, predicate 

nominative, an appositive. See participles. (2) Adjectively 
(3) Adverbially, — to limit the application of a verb, participle, 
adjective and also to denote a result after too, than and as. 

3. Derivation. See participles. 

4. Kinds. See participles. 

5. Properties as compared with verbs. See participles. 

6. Rules. See outline. 

See Grammar. 

Review, a. Personal Pronouns. 

b. Interrogative Pronouns. 

1. Definition. A word used to represent the same thing as a noun or per- 

sonal pronoun, to ask a question and to show the relation between 
the question and the answer is an Interrogative pronoun. 

2. Uses in sentences as compared to nouns. See first year's work. 

3. Special uses of the interrogative pronouns who, which and what. 

See Grammar. 

(1) To ask a question. 

(2) To respond. When an interrogative sentence is incorporated into 

another in reply, the pronoun having no antecedent becomes a 
connective and is called an Interrogative or responsive 
pronoun. 

C. Relative Pronouns. 

1. Definition. A word which represents the same thing as its antecedent, 

and shows the relation between its antecedent and its own proposi- 
tion, and connects the propositions is a relative pronoun. 

2. Uses in sentences as compared with nouns. 



63 

3. Special uses of the relatives who, which, what, that, and as. 
Who and which are the relatives of explanation. 
Who represents persons, and things personified. 
Which applies to things, and to animals inferior to man. 
Tliat is the relative of restriction. 

(1) That should be used after who; "Who that saw can forget;" 

(2) after an adjective in the superlative degree, "This is the 
largest bird that I ever saw;" (3) after very, same and all, " Is 
not this all that you asked?" Also (4) when the antecedent 
includes both persons and things; (5) when the propriety of who 
or which is doubtful. 

What is both antecedent and relative, hence has two relations in a 
sentence and may be called a double relative. 

As is a relative when it follows such, many and same. 

VIII. Pronoun. 

1. ' Definition. A word which takes the place of a noun and shows relation 

is a pronoun. 

2. Uses — given above. 

3. Kinds. Personal, relative, interrogative, already given. 

4. Properties and Relations. Same as in personal pronouns. 

5. Rules. Same as personal pronouns when uses are the same. 

6. Declensions. See grammar. 

Analysis of Sentences. 

I. Definition. A group of words used to express a thought is called a sentence. 

II. Glasses of sentences- (1) As regards use, — declarative, interrogative, 

imperative, exclamatory and mixed. 
[A combination of subject and predicate is a proposition.] 

(2) As regards number of propositions, — simple and not simple. 

Simple Sentences. 

I. Definition. A sentence containing but one proposition is simple. 

II. Elements. 1. Definition. The parts of which a sentence is composed 

are its elements. 
2. Classes of elements. 

RANK. 

(1) Elements which are highest in rank and are necessary to the con- 

struction of the sentence are principal or essential elements. 

(2) Elements which are lower in rank than the principal and modify 

other elements are subordinate elements. 

(3) Words used with the sentence but having no grammatical relation 

to it are independent elements. 



64 

MODIFIERS. 

(1) An unmodified element is a simple element. 

(2) A modified element is a complex element. 

(3) Two or more simple or complex elements joined by a co-ordinate 

connective is a compound element. 
OFFICE. 

(1) An element having the office of a noun is a substantive element. 

(2) An element performing the office of an adjective is an adjective 

element. 

(3) An element having the office of an adverb is an adverbial 

element. 
FORM. 

(1) An element consisting of one word which represents an idea and 

its relation is a word element. 

(2) An element consisting of two words, one to represent an idea and 

another to show its relation is a phrase element. 

(3) An element consisting of a proposition to represent an idea and a 

word to show its relation to another element is a clause element. 

Sentences Not Simple. 

I. Definition. A sentence consisting of more than one proposition is. not 

simple. 

II. Elements: propositions, connectives, members. 

1. PROPOSITIONS. 
Rank. 

(1) The proposition which is highest in rank and makes the chief 
assertion is the principal proposition. (2) The propositions which are lower 
in rank than the principal, and modify other elements are subordinate prop- 
ositions."" (3) Propositions having the same rank and construction are similar 
(4) Propositions of different rank and construction are dissimilar. 

2. CONNECTIVES. Words used to connect parts of a sentence 
are connectives. 

(1) Connectives joining similar elements are co-ordinate. They 
are copulative, adversative, alternative and illative. (2) Connectives joining 
dissimilar elements are subordinate. They join substantive, adjective and 
adverbial clauses. (3) A subordinate connective joining its clause to an 
adjective or an adverb, which in turn relates to the connective, is used as a 
correlative; the two are correlatives. 

3. MEMBERS. The co-ordinate parts of a compound sentence are 
members of the sentence. 

The members of a sentence may be either simple complex or compound. 

III. Classes of Sentences not simple 

l.^A sentence consisting of members joined by co-ordinate connectives is 
compound. 2. A sentence consisting of one principal proposition and one 
or more clauses is a complex sentence. 



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